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Perspective Research Centre

Perspective Research Centre

Visual Dimensions of Art, Science, and Technology

  • Home
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • Origins
  • Timeline
  • Categories
  • Classic Forms
  • Taxonomy
  • Phenomena
  • Visual Perspective
  • Camera Perspective
  • Optical Perspective
  • Atmospheric Perspective
  • Themes
    • Drawing and Mathematics
    • Eyes in Evolution (Forms)
    • Fractals
    • Geometry (continuous analysis)
      • Analytical Geometry
      • Conic Sections
      • Descriptive Geometry
      • Fourth Dimension / Non-euclidean Geometry
      • Projective Geometry
      • Proportion
      • Quadrature
      • Synthetic Geometry
    • History of Perspective
      • 17th-19th Centuries
      • Byzantium
      • China
      • Egypt
      • Greece / Rome
      • India
      • Japan
      • Modern Era
      • Renaissance
    • Illusion (topic)
      • Anamorphosis / Aberrations
      • Chiaroscuro
      • Holograms
      • Mirrors
      • Rainbows
      • Trompe l’oeil
      • Quadratura
    • Imagination (topic)
    • Realism
      • Eye / Vision
      • Light / Colour
    • Shades and Shadows
    • Space (topic)
    • Stereography / Stereoscopy
  • Instruments
    • Displays
      • 2-D Displays
      • 3-D Displays
    • Fun
      • Ames Room
      • Camera Obscura
      • Kaleidoscope
    • Illusion
      • Stereoscope
      • Projection Mapping
    • Image Capturing
      • Camera
      • Lens
      • Telescope
      • Mirror
    • Image Copying
      • Camera Lucida
      • Pantograph
      • Perspective Box
      • Perspective Window
    • Image Projection
      • Andotrope
      • Kinetoscope
      • Magic Lantern
      • Projector (digital)
      • Projector (film)
      • Zoetrope
    • Mapping
      • Geo-Maps
      • Star Map / Chart
      • Terrestrial Globe
    • Mathematical (calculating)
      • Flight Slide Rule
      • Nautical Slide Rule
      • Slide Rule
    • Mathematical (measuring)
      • Caliper, Ruler, Set-Square
      • Clocks, Sundial
      • Compass (reduction)
      • Compass (sector or proportional)
      • Compass (trigonometry)
      • Dial, Gauge
      • Gnomon, Plumb-Line
      • Protractor, Quadrant
      • Sextant / Octant
    • Modelling
      • Astrolabe
      • Armillary Sphere
      • Celestial Globe
      • Planetarium
      • Planisphere
      • Orary
    • Topography
      • Theodolite
    • Viewing
      • Binoculars
      • Spectacles
    • Virtual Reality (Headsets / Environments)
  • Applications
    • Anatomy
      • Human Body
      • Medical Imaging
        • CT / CAT Scan
        • Nuclear Medicine
        • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
        • Transmission Electron
        • Ultrasound
        • X-Ray Imaging
    • Archeology
    • Architecture and the Environment
      • Architecture, Columns
      • Fountains
      • Gardens / Environment
      • Idealised Buildings
      • Interiors
      • Towns, Lanscapes, Gardens and Ruins
    • Astronomy
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      • Art – 2D
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      • Art – Light
      • Drawing
      • Intarsia
      • Letters
      • Marquetry
      • Painting
      • Polyhedra
      • Proportion
      • Quadrature
    • Cinema
      • Cinema – 2D
      • Cinema – 3D and Widescreen
    • Computer
      • Artificial Intelligence
      • Computer Generated Imagery
      • Computer Graphics
      • Computer Vision
    • Cosmology
    • Cosmograms
    • Crystals / Symmetry
      • Jewellery
      • Natural Crystals
    • Entertainment
      • Animation
    • Extended Reality
      • Augmented Reality
      • Virtual Reality
      • Mixed Reality
    • Geography
      • Cartography / Maps
      • Geographical Information Systems
      • Photogrammetry
      • Topography
    • Microscopy
      • Atomic Microscope
      • Optical Microscope
      • Scanning Electron Microscope
    • Nature
      • Invisible Worlds
      • Panoramas
      • Structures
      • Undersea World
    • Photography (topic)
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      • Physics / Mechanics
    • Technology
      • Robotics / Engineering
    • Theatre / Scenography
    • Television
  • State-Of-The-Art
    • Abstraction, Levels of
    • Novel Instruments / Media
    • Point Cloud(s) / Photographic Modelling
    • Shape Grammars (Ludo Geometrico)
    • Spatial Correspondence
    • Universal Method
    • Vision, Expansion of
    • Visual Encyclopedia
  • Pioneers
    • Key People
    • Modern Perspectivists
  • Leonardo da Vinci
  • Kim Veltman
  • Etymology
  • Encyclopedia
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  • Art and Science of Perspective
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  • Films
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alanradley April 14, 2021

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Published April 14, 2021

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Art and Science of Perspective

  • The Art and Science of Perspective provides essential knowledge on visual and technical perspective across art, science, and technology. Our first two volumes clarify and consolidate insights on this complex subject, serving as a definitive reference.
  • A vital resource for ‘vision-based’ professionals: artists, photographers, filmmakers, architects, lighting designers, CAD engineers, digital content creators, 3-D/CGI/AI modellers, SFX/VFX and game designers, live/virtual/hybrid film production specialists.
  • Volume 1: Subject Overview
  • The Past, Present and Future of Visual and Optical Perspective outlines key topics for future exploration and provides a subject overview.
  • Past, Present, and Future of Visual and Optical Perspective (sample chapter)
  • < Purchase paperback here >
  • Volume 2: Dictionary of Perspective
  • The first-ever Dictionary of Perspective is a standard lexicon on perspective, vision, and spatial concepts with 4,000 terms and 1,200 types/forms.
  • Dictionary of Perspective (sample: A-C)
  • < Purchase paperback here >

Resources

  • Applications of Perspective
  • Functions of Perspective
  • 1000 Types of Perspective
  • Common Perspective Types
  • Perspective Concepts
  • Perspective Problems
  • Instruments of Perspective

Info-Graphics

  • Perspective Imaging Process
  • Categories of Perspective
  • Classic Forms: Perspective Projection
  • Classic Forms: Parallel Projection
  • Taxonomy of Perspective
  • Perspective Phenomena (all)
  • Perspective Phenomena (extrinsic)

Perspective image of a city panorama.
City Panorama
Night Sky Panorama
Seasons
Lunar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
Rainbow
Shadows (Sun)
Shadows (Moon)
Stage Lighting
Reflection
Undersea World
Mountain Panorama
Balloon Panorama
Crystal Spectrum
Anamorphic Image
Mirage
Perspective of Lines
Perspective of Surfaces
Scale Diminuation
Perspective Distortion
Aerial Perspective
Vertical Vanishing Piont
Guggenheim Museum
St Peter's Basilica
Earth from Space
Natural Perspective (Environmental)
A category of Visual, Optical, and Technical Perspective consisting of naturally occurring optical phenomena; such as the projection of shapes and shadows, viewpoint geometries, reflection, and optical line-of-sight problems, plus astronomical seasons, eclipses, the rotation of the heavens, etc.
Human Eye
Light Ray Optics by Vitruvius (1521)
Light Rays by Leonardo da Vinci (1500)
Visual Rays - Codex Huygons (1585)
Thaumaturgus Opticus…, by J.F. Niceron, 1646
Visual Pyramid by Taylor (1665)
Descartes: Human Vision (1664)
Descartes: Diagram of Eye (1664)
Visual Perspective - by Abraham Bosse (1665)
Le Due Regole Della Prospettiva, J. Barozzi (Vignola), 1583
Pyramid of Vision (1800)
Position finding by ‘shooting’ the Sun
Retinal Imag)e
Visual Hemisphere
Curvilinear Perspective 
by Albert Flocon and Andre Barre (1987).
Perspective Window by Kim Veltman
Optics of Eye
Sphere of Vision by Dick Termes
Natural Perspective (Visual - 2nd type)
A category of Visual, Optical and Technical Perspective concerned with direct looking at spatial reality using human or animal vision.
Mathematical Perspective
A category of Visual, Optical, and Technical Perspective that involves accurate modelling of spatial reality; formed by Projection Perspective (visual projection) or Geometrical Perspective (graphical calculations).
Egyptian Hieroglyphs 
Early Starchart - 1500 BC
The Maestra by Duccio (1308-1311)
Trinity by Masaccio (1426 – 1428)
Alberti: legitimate construction [linear perspective] (1450)
Linear Perspective image by Paolo Uccello (1467)
Idealised view of Urbino City (after 1470)
The Bierra Madonna by Piero della Francesca (1472)
Perspective study by Leonardo da Vinci (1481)
Oculus, Mantegna, 1465
The Last Supper, Leonardo da Vinci, 1495
Anatomical multi-views and motion perspectives by Leonardo da Vinci (approx. 1500)
School of Athens by Raphiel (1509-1511)
Perspective Method by Durer (1525)
Salone delle Prospettive, Rome, 1517
Palastarchitektur mit Badenden by Hans Vredeman de Vries (1596)
Perspective, Hans Vredeman de Vries (1604-1605).
A Regatta on the Grand Canal, Canaletto, 1733
The Plains of Heaven, John Martin, 1851
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Pablo Picasso, 1907
The Street Enters the House, Umberto Boccioni, 1911
Phantom Perspective, Paul Klee, 1920
The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory, 1952, Salvador Dalí.
Galatea of the Spheres, 1952, Salvador Dali.
Print Gallery, M.C. Escher, 1956.
Fractal Image (1980s)
Graphical Perspective: Painting on a 3D sphere by Dick Termes [6-point] (1990s)
Avatar 2 Movie: CGI + Motion Capture, 2022.
Representation in a Planisphere using Mercator Projection, by Emilio Frisia, 1993.
Graphical Perspective
A category of Visual, Optical, and Technical Perspective that involves copying spatial reality / creating spatial appearance(s); often by means of drawing, painting, computer graphics, etc. Graphical Perspective may involve/rely-upon elements of Mathematical Perspective; the main difference being that Graphical Perspective involves constructing appearances (of many kinds), whereas Mathematical Perspective involves modelling spatial reality with a high degree of accuracy/precision.
Sundial (1500 BC)
Antikythera Mechanism (2nd century BC)
Sector (Proportional Compass) - 1597
Sextant
Camera Obscura
Refracting Telescope
Newtonian Telescope
Compound Microscope
Magic lantern projector
Stereoscope
Photographic Camera
Movie Camera
Hologram (1950s)
Circle Vision 360 Camera (1955)
Mitchel movie camera used in Hollywood film (1940s)
Cinerama Wide-Screen Cinema (1950s)
Disney Circle Vision 360 (1967)
OMNIMAX Theatre (1991)
OMNIMAX Theatre in Vancouver
Instrument Perspective
A category of Visual, Optical, and Technical Perspective that involves surveying, observing, capturing and measuring spatial reality; and projecting spatial appearance(s); and by means of optical instrumentation such as a lens, camera, telescope, microscope, projector, photographic or movie camera etc.
Chateau de Versailles – Linear perspective applied to the environment (1608)
Actual stage set in Torelli (1644)
Artificial anamorphosis: Andrea Pozzo’s painted ceiling and trompe-l’oeil dome (Apse), 1690
Forced/trick perspective Illusion: Peppers Ghost (1862)
Projection mapping Illusion (Disneyland)
Simulated / Forced Perspective (Illusion)
A category of Visual, Optical and Technical Perspective that involves creating the appearance of a false, adjusted, or illusive spatial reality. 
Space 360 - Fully Immersive Theatre
Duel Sided 360 Degree Curved Display
Atmasphera 360 Dome Theatre
Paseo Lumenscape Taos Dome Theatre
Circle Vision 360 film of China
360 Degree Photograph
Panoramic Photograph
VR User Interface
Imaginary use of Virtual/Augmented Reality System
Virtual/Augmented Reality System
IMAX Journey through Universe
Photosynth, 2017
Photosynth, 2017
Photosynth, 2017
Lightstage 3D Image Capture
Powers of Ten
360-Degree Universal Sphere Dome Theatre
New Media Perspective (VR, AR, MR, ER)
A category of Visual, Optical, and Technical Perspective that involves capturing, connecting/linking, ordering, constructing (mimesis), matching, mixing, exploring, and cross-matching: multiple perspective view(s); utilising a digital new-media / old-media system comprised of large numbers of integrated viewpoints (or networked viewpoints). 
Roman mural painting showing proto-perspective effects
(79 AD).
Pseudo-perspectival methods: in the Bedford Hours (1200)
Inverted perspective in Chinese handscroll (1700s)
Non-Technical Perspective
A category of Visual, Optical Perspective defined as any non-systematic process that produces a detailed visual image, representation, model or view, of a spatial scene. Formed using optically, mathematically, geometrically, or logically incorrect/unknown/inconsistent principles.

Conferences, Symposia and Workshops

Events organised by the International associations ALAIPO: Asociación Latina Interacción Persona-Ordenador–Latin Association of HCI (www.alaipo.com) and AINCI: Asociación Internacional de la Comunicación Interactiva –International Association of Interactive Communication (www.ainci.com).

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