Perspective
Research Centre
The World’s Premier Institute for the Study of Perspective
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Perspective
Discover what perspective is—its history, principles, phenomena and applications.
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Library & Archives
A 5,000-book specialist library, including the rare 700-volume Leonardo da Vinci Library.
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Knowledge Systems
Digital tools for research: UKS, Dictionary, Bibliography, Encyclopaedia and more.
Digital Systems →
Publications
Books and major research publications by Alan S. Radley and Kim H. Veltman.
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Learn
Tutorials, guides and learning resources for students, educators and professionals.
Start Learning →Navigation Map of Perspective Categories
Perspective Category Theory provides
a systematic framework for organising
the many kinds and relationships
of perspective. It distinguishes
seven analytical levels—Category,
Class, Type, Form, Phenomenon,
Function and Product.
Our Perspective Category Theory
identifies, relates and compares
perspectives across art, science
and technology, classifying c. 1,200
named types and forms.
Explore perspective — click any box →
Who This Site Is For
For anyone seeking to understand, teach, research or apply perspective — from students and educators to artists, architects, designers, photographers, filmmakers and scientists, practitioners and researchers in related fields.
What Is Perspective?
Perspective concerns how objects, spaces, views and images are seen, formed, measured and represented. It extends far beyond linear perspective drawing, connecting art, optics, geometry, imaging, computer graphics and visual perception. Perspective underpins art, science and technology.
About the Perspective Research Centre
The Perspective Research Centre (PRC) unifies knowledge of perspective across art, optics, geometry, architecture, photography, film, computer graphics, virtual reality and artificial intelligence within a single interdisciplinary resource.
For centuries, perspective has occupied a central place in human knowledge, yet its principles, terminology, types and phenomena remain scattered across disciplines, while important relationships remain poorly documented or incompletely understood. PRC brings this knowledge together by resolving conflicting terminology, correcting errors and misconceptions, and organising the field through its Perspective Category Theory. Establishing perspective as a distinct field.
PRC brings together original research, major physical and digital collections, and innovative knowledge systems including the Universal Knowledge System (UKS), making specialist material easier to explore, search and compare. PRC also holds a rare 700-volume Leonardo da Vinci Library, including seventeenth-century works and one-of-a-kind manuscript volumes on Leonardo by Kim H. Veltman.
Dr Alan Stuart Radley FRSA — Founder and Research Director of the PRC — preserves and develops this scholarly archive and research legacy.
Learn more about PRC →
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) expanded perspective beyond drawing into a study of vision and spatial representation, connecting optics, geometry, light and visual perception with how spatial reality becomes visual appearance.
Questions & Answers
Investigate focused questions about perspective, its concepts, history, methods and spatial representation.
Explore Q & A →Perspective Images & Views
Explore perspective through visual examples, diagrams, constructions and image collections.
Explore Images & Views →Explore Perspective
New to Perspective?
Start with the basic definitions, history and core concepts of perspective.
Start with the Basics →Common Errors & Misconceptions
Explore recurring historical and technical errors in teaching, textbooks and explanations of perspective.
Errors & Misconceptions →Applications of Perspective
See how perspective is used across art, architecture, science, technology and other fields.
Browse Applications →Timeline of Perspective Developments
Follow key people, ideas and milestones in the history and development of perspective.
View the Timeline →Featured Research Projects
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Leonardo da Vinci Studies
Kim H. Veltman’s multi-decade research on Leonardo’s perspective, optics, vision and astronomy, including extensive unpublished manuscripts.
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Alphabets of Life
A major interdisciplinary project exploring alphabets, signs, symbols, knowledge systems and the structures of cultural information.
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New Models of Culture
Research on culture, information and knowledge systems within Kim H. Veltman’s wider intellectual programme.
View Project →Recent Research & Updates
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The Dictionary of Perspective is a comprehensive encyclopaedic reference and theoretical map of the field, defining more than 4,000 terms and approximately 1,200 types and forms.

New archival scans clarify how Veltman’s Leonardo studies changed from one large optics project into multiple substantive volumes.

Reader interaction, Digital Library search and multi-context research continue to be integrated across PRC.
The Art and Science of Perspective
The Art and Science of Perspective is a major multi-volume series that traces, re-examines and extends the field of visual and optical perspective from antiquity to the digital age. For centuries, perspective occupied a central position in the Western academic tradition as both an art of representation and a science concerned with vision, light, space and the transmission of visual information. The series examines how perspective shapes human vision, spatial understanding, image-making and the representation of reality across art, optics, geometry, architecture, photography, cinema, cartography, scientific imaging and many other fields.
Perspective is far more than a method for drawing receding lines. The series examines both natural perspective—how spatial reality appears to vision—and artificial perspective—how that reality is captured, projected, constructed, transformed and reproduced through images, instruments and media. Its scope extends from painting, architecture and photography to computer graphics, virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence, robotic vision, GIS, photogrammetry, medical imaging, holography, virtual production and other contemporary technologies in which relationships between the observer, object, image and space remain fundamental.
Together, the volumes provide a new interdisciplinary framework for understanding what perspective is, how it operates and why it matters. Perspective Category Theory organises the field systematically across categories, classes, types, forms, phenomena, functions and products, while the Dictionary of Perspective documents more than 4,000 terms and approximately 1,200 types and forms. The series brings together historical terminology, theories, methods, systems, instruments, visual phenomena and applications, resolves conflicting meanings and misconceptions, and develops more than 200 concepts, classifications and distinctions originated, refined or newly formalised by Alan Stuart Radley.
The Past, Present and Future of Visual and Optical Perspective
Second Edition
A wide-ranging introduction to the history, theory, applications and future possibilities of visual and optical perspective.
Large-format 8.5 × 11-inch paperback
US$27.99
Dictionary of Perspective
Second Edition
The first comprehensive dictionary and taxonomy devoted specifically to visual and optical perspective.
Approximately 1,200 types and forms
More than 350,000 words
590 pages
Large-format 8.5 × 11-inch paperback
US$34.99
Natural and Visual Perspective
Forthcoming First Edition
A new account of how spatial reality gives rise to natural appearance—and how natural appearance becomes human visual experience.
Large-format 8.5 × 11-inch paperback
Expected Price: US$27.99
Featured Perspective Researchers
Selected external resources and the work of perspective researchers.
Tomás García-Salgado
Architect · perspective researcherExplore Modular Perspective, reverse outlining and methods for reconstructing spatial relationships from perspective images.
Explore his research →
Dick Termes
Artist · spherical perspectiveArtist and creator of the Termesphere, using six-point spherical perspective to represent complete surrounding environments.
Explore Termespheres →
David Chelsea
Artist · author · perspective teacherArtist, author and teacher known for practical, curvilinear and experimental approaches to perspective.
Explore David Chelsea →
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