Explore 1,493 answers to questions about perspective, including 278 questions derived from Google search queries, Autocomplete and People Also Ask.
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Answers are based on Dictionary of Perspective, Second Edition 2.1, and The Past, Present and Future of Visual and Optical Perspective, Second Edition 2.1.
A
What is Aberrated Perspective Projection?
An aberrated perspective projection is an artificial perspective view in which the large-scale image geometry departs significantly from an ideal or expected projection. The apparent size, shape or position of objects may therefore be distorted. The Dictionary applies the term to graphical and digital representations and also to some optically produced forms of anamorphic distortion.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 28
What is Aberrations: Classes (1, 2 [A, B])?
Perspective aberrations are classified image defects or departures from a reference projection. In the optical class, rays from a single object point fail to form a perfect image point after passing through an eye, lens or camera. Such departures can be assessed against an ideal reference, such as paraxial or pinhole projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 28
What is Absolute Perspective?
Absolute Perspective is a theoretical or philosophical use of perspective in which a particular visual or representational perspective is treated as universal, fundamental or symbolically absolute. The Dictionary contrasts such claims with the many viewpoint-, system- and category-dependent forms of perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 29
What is Abstract Perspective?
Abstract perspective is a perspective method, system, view or image that is not a direct, unchanged optical capture of physical reality. It may be deliberately altered, mathematically constructed, processed or fictional, so its geometry or appearance can depart partly or wholly from an optically true representation of a real scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 30
What is Academic Perspective?
Academic perspective is identified in the Dictionary with conventional linear perspective, including one-, two- and three-point forms, as taught within formal traditions of perspective drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 30
What is Accelerated Perspective?
Accelerated Perspective deliberately increases apparent perspective recession. Volume 1 describes it as a simulated, and potentially synthetic, perspective in which false geometry increases the convergence of receding lines or otherwise exaggerates depth, producing stronger apparent recession than the unmodified spatial arrangement would provide.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 85, 88
How does Accidental Measuring Point relate to perspective?
In this context, Accidental Measuring Point Refers to measuring points as used for a type of linear perspective named Accidental Perspective (2), with secondary vanishing points, and potentially a secondary horizon line, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 31
What is Accolti Perspective?
Accolti Perspective refers to a graphical perspective method associated with the Italian mathematician and writer Pietro Accolti. It belongs to the historical family of geometrical construction methods developed for artists.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 31
What is Actual Primary Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type in perspective geometry?
Actual Primary Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type refers to — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the principal visible horizon directly observed within a physical scene. [23] Artificial Primary Horizon Line — Represented Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the principal visible or geometrical horizon represented within an image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Acuity Perspective (Gradient of Acuity Perspective)?
Acuity perspective describes changes in clarity, sharpness, resolution or visible detail associated with distance, focus, optical conditions or representation. Variation in acuity can therefore operate as a perspective phenomenon and, in appropriate circumstances, as a cue to spatial depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 32
What is Adjusted Perspective?
Adjusted Perspective is a perspective that has been deliberately corrected or modified to change unwanted or misleading distortion. It can apply to photographs, graphical representations or digital images and may alter geometry so that the result better matches an intended appearance or purpose.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 32
What is Advanced Perspective?
Advanced perspective refers to sophisticated forms of artificial or graphical perspective that model spatial reality using technically detailed optical, geometrical or computational processes. Such systems go beyond elementary constructions and may handle complex viewing directions, vanishing relationships, projection geometries or image distortions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 32
How does aerial perspective create depth?
Atmospheric perspective results from light scattering, absorption and the increasing amount of atmosphere between observer and distant objects. The resulting loss of contrast, detail and colour strength provides a strong visual cue to increasing distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
Is atmospheric perspective the same as aerial perspective?
Aerial perspective and atmospheric perspective are commonly used as near-synonyms for the depth effects produced by the atmosphere between observer and distant objects. Distant forms tend to lose contrast, clarity and colour saturation and may shift in apparent hue.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What does aerial perspective mean in visual perception?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is aerial perspective in art?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is aerial perspective?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is air perspective?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is Aesthetic Perspective?
Aesthetic Perspective is the artistic use of perspective to choose and organise a viewpoint that represents a subject effectively. The Dictionary stresses that perspective is not merely mechanical: the artist may select a higher, lower or otherwise more informative vantage point to make a scene clearer or more expressive.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 33
What role did Steven Aguilera play in the history of perspective?
In A New Perspective – Universal Edition (2008), Steven Aguilera argues that perspective should not be defined narrowly as representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface. He interprets it more broadly as a position in relation to other positions and, in the visual arts, as the selection of viewpoints that best communicate a subject to an audience.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 34
What is AI perspective?
AI perspective refers broadly to perspective in images or spatial models generated, analysed or corrected by artificial-intelligence systems. The underlying issues remain those of viewpoint, projection, spatial consistency, image formation and representation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Airy’s Projection?
Airy's Projection is an azimuthal map projection designed to minimise mean-square scale error. It projects the spherical Earth onto a plane touching the globe at one point; meridians radiate as straight lines and parallels form nearly equally spaced circles around the centre.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 35
What did Alberti contribute to perspective?
Leon Battista Alberti gave Renaissance perspective an influential written geometrical formulation. His construction related a fixed viewpoint, picture plane and diminishing ground grid, helping turn practical perspective into a teachable systematic method.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What role did Leon Battista Alberti play in the history of perspective?
Leon Battista Alberti was a major Renaissance recorder and developer of linear-perspective theory. His written account helped formalise the geometrical construction of perspective for artists, following the experimental work associated with Brunelleschi; the 'costruzione legittima' became a standard reference point in perspective history.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 35; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 37–55
What is Algebraic Perspective?
Algebraic Perspective refers to reference to the application of numbers and algebra to probe and represent, spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 35; Volume 1 2.1, p. 69
Do all cultures use the same kind of perspective?
No. Different cultures and periods have used different spatial conventions, including central, parallel, oblique, reverse, layered, multiple-view and other systems. Linear perspective is historically important but is not the only valid way of organising represented space.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is All-Over Perspective?
The Dictionary gives several senses of all-over perspective. It may describe an all-over pictorial organisation in which visual activity is distributed across the whole image surface; it may also be used as a synonym for pigeon-hole perspective or, in some contexts, for multi-view or Cubist forms of perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 36
What is Alternative Picture Plane Perspective?
Alternative Picture Plane Perspective refers to any category of perspective, or image-form, where the picture plane, is other than planar/ flat.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 37
What does alternatives to linear perspective mean in Perspective?
In this context, Perspective - Alternatives to Linear Perspective refers to some experts have questioned the validity of linear perspective, and (for example) held 'reverse perspective' and other types of curvilinear/spherical perspective in high regard.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 329
What is Ambiguous Perspective?
Ambiguous Perspective uses ambiguous, reversible or otherwise indeterminate image geometry so that the viewer can interpret the represented spatial arrangement or viewpoint in more than one way. The ambiguity may be deliberate and can function as a perspective illusion.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 37
What is American Perspective?
American Perspective is a dimensional scene depicted from too close a viewpoint, leading to extreme or exaggerated perspective distortions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 37
What is Analemma Perspective?
Analemma Perspective refers to diagram showing the apparent path of the sun across the sky at a particular fixed location on the Earth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 38
What is Analytic Perspective?
Analytic perspective refers to an analytical approach to perspective construction or spatial organisation. One Dictionary sense concerns Baroque perspective, in which perspective is used deliberately to organise or manipulate apparent space and the viewer’s perception rather than merely to reproduce a simple central view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 38
What is anamorphic perspective?
Anamorphic perspective deliberately distorts an image so that it appears correct or intelligible only from a particular viewpoint, in a mirror, or under a specified transformation. It exploits the dependence of projected shape on viewing geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is Andotrope, 360-Degree Identical Views of 2-D Object?
An andotrope is a modern rotating-display device in which synchronised images on back-to-back screens are arranged so that a two-dimensional image can be viewed consistently around a full 360-degree rotation. In the Dictionary it is treated as a form of omnidirectional display perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 42
What is Angle Perspective?
Angle-based; distance axiom) Refers to visual or retinal perspective, specifically that the eye makes size/distance judgements based on an angle distance axiom.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 45
What is Angle Perspective (2), Aspect Foreshortening?
Linear Perspective; Parallel Perspective) Another name for Aspect Perspective, or Aspect of Form Perspective Perspective image that exhibits those perspective phenomena relating to the apparent degradation of form (projected shape changes due to aspect, viewing angle, or projection angle).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 45
What is Angular Perspective?
Angular Perspective is used for an oblique or two-point linear-perspective arrangement in which the principal sides of an object are angled relative to the picture plane. Two horizontal direction families therefore commonly recede toward separate vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Angular Perspective entry
What is Angular perspective planes?
Perspective Types / Forms Angular, Conic and Cylindrical Planes In terms of the two forms of graphical perspective <IMAGING CLASS> discussed thus far, linear and parallel perspective, both employ a planar (or flat) picture plane to record/depict the perspective image that is produced in relation to spatial reality. However, other perspectives are possible that employ different types of planes.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 130
What is Animated Perspective?
Hand-drawn animations Type of animated perspective in which visual images of human/animal characters, etc., are sketched (by hand one at a time) onto single drawing/movie frames, whilst being changed slightly between frames to represent movement, and then displayed in rapid succession to evoke a real-time impression of movement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 46
What is Anti-Perspective?
Anti-Perspective is a perspective method/system that rejects central projection in favour of methods that avoid distortions of scale/shape that arise from (a nite) viewpoint location.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 46
What is Antique Perspective?
Antique Perspective refers to 1: Synonym for central or linear perspective graphical construction. 2: Refers to pseudo-perspective representation methods used in Ancient Greek/Roman times.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 47
How does Aperture relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Aperture is relevant because at upper left to determine the star's altitude as it passes through the meridian.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 46, 51, 53, 92, 105, 139, 203, 204, 207, 211-213
What is Aphylactic Map Projection?
Aphylactic Map Projection is a map projection that tries to balance distortions in multiple metric properties, rather than perfectly preserving a single metric at the expense of the others. also known as a compromise map projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 47
What is Apparent Perspective?
Apparent Field of View The Apparent Field of View (AFOV) is the angular diameter of light seen through an eyepiece or binoculars, usually between 40 to 80 degrees, indicating perceived image size and "immersion." Apparent Perspective Visual or retinal perspective as perceived by the human eye.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 47
What is Apparently Infinite Horizon Line in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Appearing Point?
Appearing Point is an appearing point due to perspective phenomena (optical source in image space) An appearing point is the antonym of a vanishing point, and refers to an apparent point in a spatial reality (being a far distant point viewed from image space) out of which a set of mutually parallel lines (in object space) appear to emerge from (ostensibly), whereby the parallel lines could also be light-rays and said rays may also emit/gleam and/or move in space/time.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 47
What is Apple Vision Pro in visual perspective?
Another instrument perspective illusion is provided by head-mounted systems such as Apple Vision Pro, announced in 2023 and released in 2024, which display interactive virtual or augmented imagery in relation to the physical environment.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 76, 182
What does technical mean in Applications of Perspective?
In this context, Applications of Perspective - Technical refers to perspective is central to key developments in various technical subjects, including photography, television, cinema, cartography/maps, astronomy, topology, photogrammetry, scenography, archaeology, architecture, gardens and environment, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 48
What does depth mean in Arabesque Perspective?
In this context, Arabesque Perspective - Depth refers to in a flat representation or picture, arabesque perspective conveys spatial dimensionality by employing repeating geometric patterns with undulations (linear, parallel, or crossed), which alternatively lift or push back the topological mass.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 48
What is architectural perspective, and how is it used in drawing?
Perspective helps architects and planners visualise how proposed spaces will appear from particular viewpoints, communicate scale and spatial relationships, and detect visual problems that plans and elevations alone may not reveal. CAD extends rather than eliminates these underlying viewing principles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How is perspective used in Architecture and environment?
Architecture and the Environment Du Pérac introduced the idea of perspectival gardens (1587), which had been developed in Tuscany by Buontalenti and others (and which ultimately led to Le Nôtre's work at Versailles). Here we have a synthetic, forced, or accelerated, and simulated perspective implemented across the whole environment (physical perspective) to increase the angle of convergence of parallel lines, thereby constituting a special perspective framework for the garden structure that makes the scene appear deeper or larger than in reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 572; Volume 1 2.1, p. 153
Why do architecture students learn perspective before using CAD?
Architecture students learn perspective because it makes the relationship between viewpoint, plan, elevation, scale, vanishing directions and visible form explicit. CAD can automate projection, but understanding the geometry helps a designer judge whether a generated view is spatially coherent and communicate design intentions independently of software.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method and architectural applications; Volume 1 2.1, theory and applications chapters
What is the area of a perspective image?
Image area is not generally preserved by central perspective projection. Equal areas in object space can project to very different image areas depending on distance and orientation, which is one reason perspective images cannot be treated as uniform-scale maps.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Area Perspective?
Area Perspective refers to parallel perspective in which the projected outline/shadow of a spatial object is projected onto a flat or planar picture plane located in one (or each) of the three spatial/cardinal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 50
What is Artificial Primary Horizon Line — Represented Type in perspective geometry?
Primary Horizon-Line Types [22] Actual Primary Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the principal visible horizon directly observed within a physical scene. [23] Artificial Primary Horizon Line — Represented Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the principal visible or geometrical horizon represented within an image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
How is perspective used in Artistic applications?
Artistic applications of perspective include drawing, painting, illustration, sculpture, stage and screen imagery and digital visual media. Across these fields perspective can serve different goals: viewing and analysing spatial form, matching appearances, representing space, constructing illusion and creating immersive experience.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 572
What is Artistic Method of Central Perspective?
An artistic method of central perspective begins with a fixed station point and viewing direction and represents the three-dimensional scene on a picture plane according to projection from that viewpoint. Receding families of parallel lines are related to their appropriate vanishing points so that the represented space forms a coherent central-perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 52
What is Artistic method of perspective?
The Artistic Method Let us begin by considering how an artist produces a perspective drawing/ painting of a three-dimensional scene.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 108
When did artists start using perspective?
Artists have used perspective-like spatial devices since antiquity. What changed in fifteenth-century Italy was the formalisation of a repeatable central linear-perspective geometry associated with Brunelleschi and Alberti.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
How do artists use perspective in their work?
In art, perspective organises spatial appearance and helps control depth, scale, viewpoint and the relation of forms within an image. Artists may use geometrically consistent perspective for realism or deliberately modify, combine or reject it for expressive purposes.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Artist’s Perspective?
Artist's Perspective is the use of graphical, geometrical or linear perspective to represent three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional picture surface. It includes familiar devices such as vanishing points, diminution and foreshortening, used in combination with artistic judgement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 51
What is Aspect foreshortening in perspective geometry?
Aspect foreshortening is the apparent contraction produced by viewing a line, surface or dimension at an oblique angle. As its orientation approaches an edge-on view, its projected extent decreases. It is distinct from perspectival foreshortening caused specifically by increasing depth or distance, although the two effects may combine.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 32, 45, 96, 114
What is Aspect Perspective?
Aspect Perspective concerns the change in projected or apparent form produced when a surface or object is viewed obliquely rather than frontally. It is closely related to aspect foreshortening: a plane approaching an edge-on orientation appears progressively compressed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 53
Who is associated with the invention of perspective in art?
No single person invented perspective as a whole. For Renaissance linear perspective, Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century demonstrations and Leon Battista Alberti with an influential written construction. Earlier optical, geometrical and representational traditions also contributed to the development of the field.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35–62
What is Astrolabe Projection?
Astrolabe Projection refers to astrolabes are designed and constructed using a stereographic projection of the celestial sphere, typically from the South Pole to the Equator.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 53
What is Astronomical Projection?
Astronomical projection is a key component of spherical astronomy and cartography used to represent the 3D celestial sphere (containing stars, planets, and galaxies) onto a 2-D plane, such as a star map, photograph, or computer screen.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 54
What is Atmospheric and optical perspective?
Atmospheric and optical perspective refers to van Eyck also represented spatial recession through changes in clarity, colour, contrast and visible detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 517
How does atmospheric perspective work?
Atmospheric perspective results from light scattering, absorption and the increasing amount of atmosphere between observer and distant objects. The resulting loss of contrast, detail and colour strength provides a strong visual cue to increasing distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What causes atmospheric perspective?
Atmospheric perspective results from light scattering, absorption and the increasing amount of atmosphere between observer and distant objects. The resulting loss of contrast, detail and colour strength provides a strong visual cue to increasing distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What does atmospheric perspective mean in visual perception?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is aerial or atmospheric perspective?
Aerial perspective and atmospheric perspective are commonly used as near-synonyms for the depth effects produced by the atmosphere between observer and distant objects. Distant forms tend to lose contrast, clarity and colour saturation and may shift in apparent hue.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE IN ART and how to use it?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is Atmospheric Perspective in Landscape Art?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is atmospheric perspective, and where can it be seen in the tribute money?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is atmospheric perspective?
Aerial or atmospheric perspective is the depth effect produced by the intervening atmosphere. With distance, objects generally become less distinct, lower in contrast and less saturated, often taking on the colour influence of the atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is the difference between linear and atmospheric perspective?
Linear perspective describes geometrical projection effects such as convergence, diminution and foreshortening. Atmospheric or aerial perspective describes optical changes caused by the intervening atmosphere, especially reductions in contrast, clarity and colour distinction with distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
Why does atmospheric perspective happen?
Atmospheric perspective results from light scattering, absorption and the increasing amount of atmosphere between observer and distant objects. The resulting loss of contrast, detail and colour strength provides a strong visual cue to increasing distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is Atomistic Perspective?
Atomistic Perspective is a philosophical term that refers to the possibility of large numbers of multiple, separate, and mini perspective viewpoint(s) (real and potential), each one providing a unique (localised) view of a spatial world/reality/scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 55
What is Auditory Perspective?
Auditory perspective refers to the ability to imagine and understand the auditory scene (or spatial reality) from another person's viewpoint (e.g. physical location), including what they can (and cannot) hear, and how that impacts their comprehension.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 55
What is Augmentation of Form Perspective?
Augmentation of Form Perspective refers to opposite process to the perspective of disappearance (object outline appears to grow more detailed as viewpoint approaches object, or vice-versa).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 55
How is perspective used in Augmented Reality?
Augmented Reality combines a view of physical reality with superimposed digital information or imagery. In the Dictionary's framework it can therefore form a mixed or combined perspective in which natural or camera-derived viewing is coordinated with computer-generated represented elements.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 55; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 144–146, 215–225
What is Axial Perspective?
Axial Perspective is a perspective organised strongly around one or more visual axes. The Dictionary links it with intermediate or middle-distance perspective and with related axial or fishbone arrangements in which spatial structure is organised around a dominant directional framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Axial Perspective entry
What is Axonometric Foreshortening in perspective geometry?
Axonometric Foreshortening is a synonym for aspect foreshortening (1), or geometrical projection foreshortening (ostensibly independent of the optical or pure perspectival foreshortening facet due to the size/distance law).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 60
What is Axonometric Perspective?
Axonometric perspective is a parallel-projection method for representing a three-dimensional object on a two-dimensional surface while showing several sides at once. The object is oriented relative to its principal axes, which remain parallel rather than converging to finite vanishing points. Isometric, dimetric and trimetric projections are principal axonometric forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 60; Volume 1 2.1, p. 117
What is Axonometric Perspective Drawing/Projection?
Axonometric Perspective Drawing / Projection A parallel projection that depicts an object by rotating it around its axes to show multiple sides.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 60
What is Axonometric projection?
When the principal axes of an object are not parallel to the projection plane, the depiction is called an axonometric or auxiliary view.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 117
What is Azimuthal Perspective Projection?
Azimuthal projections map a spherical grid onto a flat plane, also known as plane projections, with the poles as the "normal aspect," yielding the simplest projected grid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 60
B
What is Back Projection?
Image projection onto the back of a special translucent screen used as a filming backdrop (image projected from behind the screen).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 62
What role did Roger Bacon play in the history of perspective?
Roger Bacon Perspectiva, c. 1267 Natural / Visual / Graphical Perspective Natural (Visual) + Artificial (New Media / Graphical) = Synthetic / Simulated Perspective —————————— Head-Up Display (HUD) in an Airbus A220 cockpit, c. 2024.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 197
What is Balloon Perspective?
Name for a type of image taken from a high-vantage point, as was once (in the 18th and 19th centuries) only available from a human-piloted balloon ight (or from a mountaintop).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 63
What is Baroque Perspective?
Baroque perspective (c. 1600–1750) emphasises dramatic illusionism, replacing Renaissance harmony with dynamic, often off -balance compositions designed to evoke awe. It features extreme foreshortening (type 2), deep spatial recession, and quadratura (painted architectural illusions) to merge the artwork with the viewer's physical space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 63
What is Basement Perspective?
Synonym: Auxiliary Perspective Plan The basement perspective is sometimes used to avoid inaccuracies caused by the intersection of lines forming small angles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 65
What are the basic elements of perspective?
Basic geometrical elements include the eye or station point, direction of view, picture plane, object space, image space, projectors or visual rays, vanishing points and vanishing lines such as the horizon. Different perspective systems use different subsets of these elements.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Basic Perspective?
Basic Perspective is used for the elementary central or linear-perspective framework commonly taught through one-, two- and three-point constructions. It introduces the core relationships among viewpoint, picture plane, horizon, vanishing directions and projected form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Basic Perspective entry
What are the best practices for creating perspective in graphic design?
In graphic design, first decide whether the form should obey a real spatial projection or a stylised one. Establish a consistent viewpoint and vanishing structure, construct the underlying plane or box, and transform lettering or logos within that geometry so scale and angles remain coherent.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is the best way to draw a window in perspective?
For an interior or architectural view, establish the eye level, station point or intended viewing direction, picture plane and principal vanishing points. Construct the room or building as measured planes and boxes, then transfer heights and repeated features such as doors and windows with measuring lines, diagonals or grids.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Bifocal Linear Perspective?
Bifocal Linear Perspective is a linear-perspective construction that uses a bifocal method: two systematically related focal or vanishing locations are used to organise recession rather than one ordinary principal vanishing point. The Dictionary routes the term to its bifocal construction method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Bifocal Method / Bifocal Linear Perspective entry
What is Bifocal Perspective?
Bifocal Perspective is a perspective image/view that contains two separate images within the perspective image frame; where said images represent two viewing directions or separate images projected along different sight lines (may be projected at different scales).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 67
What is Binocular Depth Perception in visual perspective?
Binocular Depth Perception is the perception of depth using information from both eyes. Slightly different left- and right-eye projections, together with convergence and other visual cues, help the observer judge relative depth and distance, especially at nearer ranges.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Binocular Depth Perception / Binocular Vision entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 227–248
What is Binocular Fusion/Stereopsis in visual perspective?
Binocular Fusion / Stereopsis (Stereoscopic Perspective; Binocular vision) Binocular fusion is the brain's process of merging visual input from both eyes into a single image, crucial for binocular vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 67
What does binocular optics mean in 3-D Perspective: Stereoscopy?
Binocular optics in 3-D perspective refers to instrumental methods that form or present separate images to the two eyes so that binocular differences can produce a stereoscopic impression of depth. It includes optical or display systems designed to deliver the appropriate left-eye and right-eye views rather than relying on a single monocular image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 22
What is Binocular Parallax in visual perspective?
Binocular Parallax is the positional difference between the two perspective views received by the left and right eyes because the eyes occupy different locations. The visual system can use this disparity as a cue to relative depth, particularly at close distances.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Binocular Parallax / Binocular Vision entries
What is binocular perspective?
Binocular perspective concerns the differing images or views obtained by the two eyes and the depth information arising from their separation. It is especially important at close range, where binocular disparity and convergence supplement monocular perspective cues.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Binocular Vision in visual perspective?
Binocular Vision is vision using two eyes with overlapping fields. Each eye receives a slightly different perspective projection, and the visual system combines these images; binocular disparity contributes particularly to depth perception for nearby spatial relationships.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Binocular Vision entry; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 227–248
What is Binoculars in visual perspective?
Binocular Depth Perception (Stereoscopic Perspective; Binocular parallax Binocular vision Binoculars) Binocular depth perception enables depth judgment and distance evaluation using both eyes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 67
What is Bird’s Eye Perspective?
Bird's-Eye Perspective is a view from a high vantage point looking downward over a scene. It can be produced naturally, photographically or graphically and is distinguished by viewpoint height rather than by one unique projection method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Bird's-Eye Perspective entry
What does drawing usage mean in Bird’s Eye Perspective (B: 1, 2)?
In this context, Bird’s Eye Perspective (B: 1, 2) - Drawing Usage refers to bird’s-eye or elevated perspective is of two kinds, [1] angular / perspectival and [2] parallel, and is used in drawing large extensive buildings, having spacious courts and promenades, as palaces, colleges, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 68
What is Blended Perspective?
Blended scene perspective (multi-scene transformed to single-scene) Blended or multi-scene perspective is an image/view of a spatial scene that comprises two or more separate (and differently scaled/structured) spatial geometries; whereby the resultant scene appears to (falsely) consist of a homogenous or single-scale spatial geometry; however, in reality, two or more uniquely scaled/structured geometries have been combined (often seen as such from only a single viewpoint) to appear as a fully united and integrated spatial geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 69
What is Block Perspective?
Block Perspective refers to type of modular perspective in which the spatial object/scene is comprised of right-angled blocks (real, depicted, or imaginary).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 69
What is Blue Perspective?
Blue Perspective is a term associated with Leonardo's discussion of aerial or atmospheric perspective: distant forms often appear bluer, less contrasted and less distinct because of the intervening atmosphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Blue/Aerial Perspective entries
What is Blur Perspective?
Blur Perspective is a type of visual effect whereby fast-moving objects that traverse the image plane and whose visual structure or form is ‘blurred’ or becomes temporally smeared across more than one detector element.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 70
What is Bonne’s Projection?
Bonne's projection is a cartographic map projection that uses a pseudoconic shape to represent the Earth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 71
What is the perspective box method?
The perspective box method is a graphical technique that uses 3-D boxes in one-, two-, or three-point perspective with a horizon line and vanishing points to create depth, serving as a foundation for building complex objects and enhancing spatial understanding.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 72
What is box perspective?
Box perspective uses simple rectangular boxes in one-, two- or three-point perspective as a structural framework. Complex objects can be enclosed or decomposed into these boxes so their position, orientation, scale and foreshortening remain consistent.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Did Brunelleschi invent perspective?
No single person invented all perspective. In Renaissance linear perspective, Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti published an influential geometrical description. Perspective methods also existed in many earlier cultures.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What role did Filippo Brunelleschi play in the history of perspective?
Brunelleschi, the inventor of linear perspective (1412-1420), transformed Renaissance painting by systematically studying how objects appear from various angles. He utilised a grid to create accurate drawings, mathematically scaling objects to represent three-dimensions on a two-dimensional surface, resulting in precise linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 73; Volume 1 2.1, p. 15, 19, 37-39, 47, 56, 110, 111, 113, 151, 252
What is byzantine perspective?
Byzantine art often uses spatial conventions different from Renaissance central perspective, including frontal organisation, hierarchical scale, flattened depth and sometimes divergent or reverse-perspective tendencies. These choices serve pictorial and symbolic purposes rather than a single fixed-viewpoint construction.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
C
What is Cabinet Perspective Drawing?
Cabinet Perspective Drawing refers to in this perspective class, one face of the object is parallel to the viewing plane, with the third axis angled at approximately 63.4°.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 74
How does Camera relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Camera is relevant because fifilm; Camera; Camera Obscura; Photographic Perspective) The first commercially manufactured photographic camera, the daguerreotype, was created by Alphonse Giroux in 1839.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 75; Volume 1 2.1, p. 47, 52, 99, 137, 140, 145, 147, 185, 201, 203, 205, 207, 213, 214, 225, 235
What is Camera (mechanical perspective)?
A camera is a mechanical perspective instrument because it forms an image of spatial reality from a particular optical viewpoint. Its lens or aperture system sorts and projects light onto film or a sensor, producing a photographic perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Camera entries, p. 76; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137–150
How does Camera Lucida relate to optical perspective?
Camera Lucida is an optical device that aids artists and microscopists by projecting a superimposed image of the viewed object onto their drawing surface, enabling precise tracing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 76; Volume 1 2.1, p. 22, 52, 171
How does Camera Obscura relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Camera Obscura is relevant because but without the need for a source of illumination.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 76
What is Camera obscura?
Important technologies related to photography include the Camera camera obscura, developed in the 5th century BC; the lens, from the 13th Perspective century; and photochemistry, from the 18th century.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 15, 139
How does Camera Ottica relate to optical perspective?
Camera Ottica is a synonym for a camera obscura. Camera Perspective (Perspective image capture or picture taking method.) Perspective image produced by taking an individual ‘snapshot’ image, or else a rapid series of snapshots (a moving image), using a camera (photographic or digital). An important fact is that (due to the speed of frame integration), the camera captures each snapshot image to be taken from a fixed station or viewpoint and a fixed angle of view;.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 76
How is the camera perspective related to perspective in photography?
Photographic perspective is the spatial appearance produced when a camera projects a scene from its viewpoint onto the sensor or film. Camera position principally determines relative size and convergence relationships; framing and focal length determine how much of that projected view is recorded or enlarged.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
Is camera perspective the same as human perspective?
Not exactly. Camera perspective and human visual perspective share central optical principles, but the eye uses a curved retina, two eyes, a wide moving field and active perception. A photograph is one fixed framed projection from a camera system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is a pinhole camera perspective projection?
A perspective camera model represents image formation from a finite centre of projection onto an image plane. The pinhole model is the simplest ideal form: each object point connects through one centre to an image point, producing central perspective without lens aberrations.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is camera perspective in imaging?
Camera perspective in imaging is the central optical projection produced by a camera or camera model. It relates 3-D scene points to 2-D image points through a finite centre of projection and an image surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is camera perspective?
Camera perspective is the spatial appearance produced by projecting a scene from the camera’s centre of projection onto film or a sensor. Camera position and orientation determine the underlying perspective; lens choice chiefly changes field of view and magnification from that position.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
How does Camera Point relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Camera Point is relevant because the terms eye, eye point, centre-of-perspective, centre-of-projection, centre-of-vision, and camera point are all synonymous with viewpoint (visual / artificial perspective).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 77
What is Cameras, images and optical projection?
A camera is an optical imaging instrument that forms a perspective image of a spatial scene on film or a sensor. Light from the scene is admitted through an aperture and optical system and projected onto the image plane. The resulting perspective depends especially on camera position, viewing direction, field of view and the geometry of the receiving image plane.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 201
What role did James Cameron play in the history of perspective?
James Cameron (1954-) is a Canadian filmmaker known for innovative technologies in filmmaking, including 3-D techniques. Additionally, he is a National Geographic explorer who produced documentaries on deep-ocean exploration and contributed to underwater filming technologies.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 77
What is Cancelling Perspective?
Cancelling perspective describes the perceptual tendency to compensate for perspective effects. Although retinal images show diminution, foreshortening and converging parallels, the visual system can interpret objects as having relatively stable size, shape and parallel structure. In this sense perception partly ‘cancels’ the perspectival transformation when judging the underlying object or scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 77
What is Captured Perspective Image?
A captured perspective image belongs to the Viewing or Imaging Class: information from a spatial object or scene is received and formed as an image by an eye, camera, sensor or other imaging system. It contrasts with a projected perspective image, in which light, images or spatial information are projected forwards into physical or represented space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 77
What is Cartographic Perspective Projections?
Cartographic Perspective Projections refers to mapping projection of the spherical Earth’s surface onto a flat picture plane (typically).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 79
What is Cassini’s Projection?
Cassini’s Projection is a map projection introduced by César-François Cassini de Thury in 1745, it transverse version of the equirectangular projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 79
How does Category ambiguity relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Category ambiguity is relevant because ambiguity One term Composite perspective denoting both method and Composite perspective is the multi-category process, system, image or environment outcome produced when several categories operate in sequence or combination.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 83
How does Category Chaining relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Category Chaining is relevant because category chaining occurs when two or more perspective categories operate sequentially in forming, processing, displaying or viewing an image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 79; Volume 1 2.1, p. 83
How does Category Chaining vs Class Chaining relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Category Chaining vs Class Chaining is relevant because distinction: Category chaining describes a sequence of perspective categories, identifying the means or modes involved; class chaining describes the sequential operation of the two directional classes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 79
How does Category Overloading relate to perspective?
Category Overloading occurs when a single perspective term, type or process belongs to more than one category at the same time. The Dictionary gives linear perspective as an example because it can operate as both a mathematical and a graphical perspective process.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Category Overloading entry
What is Category Overloading vs. Class Overloading?
Class Overloading Distinction: Category overloading concerns a perspective process belonging to more than one category or mode, whereas class overloading concerns a process or system operating in both directional classes at the same time.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 80
What is Cavalier Perspective?
Cavalier perspective features one face of the object parallel to the viewing plane, with the third axis at an angle of ~63.4°.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 81
What is Cavalier Projection?
Cavalier projection is an oblique parallel-projection method in which one face of the object is parallel to the picture plane and receding lines are commonly drawn at about 45 degrees. The depth axis is retained at full scale, which can make the object appear elongated. Cabinet projection is related but reduces the depth scale, commonly by half.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 81
What is Ceiling Perspective?
Ceiling Perspective refers to any perspective image/view taken from the top outermost region of a spatial vault or room.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 81
What is Celestial Perspective?
Celestial Perspective refers to planetarium; Spherical Astronomy; Star Atlas; Latitude / Longitude; Right Ascension / Declination; Particle Perspective; Linear Perspective; Parallel Perspective; Aspect Perspective (1 2); Depth Perception / Depth Cues) 1.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 82
What is center perspective?
Centre perspective is another name used for central perspective: a perspective based on projection from a finite centre or station point. Ordinary one-, two- and three-point linear perspective are central-projection forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is central perspective projection?
Perspective projection maps spatial points from a finite centre of projection onto an image surface. On a flat picture plane, rays from the station point intersect the plane to determine image points; receding directions can therefore converge to finite vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Central Perspective?
Central Perspective: Unidirectional perspective form << REFINED DEFINITION >> Central Perspective is a unidirectional perspective form in which a spatial scene or object is viewed along a single principal optical line of sight, producing a unified cone or pyramid of vision directed towards the scene and projected onto a flat or curved picture plane. It commonly includes one-point, two-point and three-point linear perspective, together with certain unidirectional curvilinear forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 84; Volume 1 2.1, p. 107
What does grid mean in Central Perspective?
In this context, Central Perspective - Grid refers to grid (Linear Perspective) Reference to a metric grid that stands perpendicular to the ground with the front side of the rectangular grid parallel to the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 84
What does system of mean in Central Perspective?
A Central Perspective system is organised around a single principal line of sight or central direction and a unified cone or pyramid of projection. The term should not be confused with the broader mathematical idea of central projection, which can describe a wider class of projection relationships.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 84
What is Central Projection Perspective?
Central Projection Perspective is a perspective projection in which the projecting rays pass through a common finite centre.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 85
What is the central vanishing point?
The central vanishing point is the vanishing point for the principal receding direction aligned with the central direction of the perspective system. In the familiar level one-point arrangement it lies on the geometrical horizon, but that special coincidence should not be treated as the general cause of vanishing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is the centre of perspective of a photograph and why is it useful?
The centre of perspective of a photograph corresponds to the camera’s centre of projection and the geometry of the recorded view. Recovering it, together with horizon and vanishing information, helps analyse camera orientation, field of view and the correct viewpoint for viewing or matching the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Centre of Projection?
Synonyms: Apex of visual cone, apex of visual pyramid, camera point, centre of perspective, centre of projection, eye, eye point, observer’s point, point of sight (1), point of view, spectator's point, stand point, station point, vertex of perspective, viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 87; Volume 1 2.1, p. 29, 243
What is Certification of Vision?
Certification of Vision is the Dictionary's term for techniques intended to establish or validate the truth of views or images observed from physical reality. It can include validation of ordinal, determinative or subsumptive data obtained through direct human vision, optical instruments, new-media systems or combinations of them.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 89
What is CGI Perspective?
CGI Perspective is a Computer Graphic Image (CGI) perspective is any image created by a computer; and includes ray-tracing and computer games images, plus today could arguably include some kinds of Artificial Intelligence created images.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 90
What is Chiaroscuro Perspective (1): Art Usage?
Type 1: Chiaroscuro: strong contrasts between light and dark. Chiaroscuro refers to strong light-dark contrasts used by artists to create volume in three-dimensional forms, and it also applies to similar effects in cinema and photography. Chiaroscuro is one of the canonical painting modes(s) of the Renaissance (alongside cangiante [colour mixing to lighten/darken colour], sfumato or softened edges, and unione [painting technique where the colours transition smoothly, without hard lines]).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 91
What is Child’s Perspective?
Child's Perspective has more than one use. One concerns the physical or visual viewpoint of a child; another concerns visual perspective-taking—the ability to understand that another observer can see a scene differently because their viewpoint differs.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 91
What is Chinese Perspective?
Architects, engineers, and designers today rely on axonometry, a projection system first used by Chinese artists and architects 2000 years ago.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 92
How does Cinema (early) relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Cinema is relevant because device resembling early projectors, it used intermittent movement and featured a glass sheet with sequential drawings, often showing a 'dancing skeleton.' Chroma Chroma refers to the purity or intensity of a colour, indicating how vivid it is compared to a neutral grey.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 92
What is Cinematic Perspective?
Cinematic Perspective refers to cinema perspective or large-scale perspective/photographic images projected onto a large cinema screen and normally in a theatre.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 93
How does Cinematograph relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Cinematograph is relevant because early type of movie or cinematic perspective made using a cinematograph.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 93
What is Circle of Revolution Perspective?
Circle of Revolution Perspective is a synonym for Cylinder of Revolution Perspective. The capability of a circular perspective system to produce multiple views of a 3-D object by orbiting or revolving in a circle around the 3-D object in question (looking in/ looking at perspective).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 93
What is Circle of View (1, 2 [A, B])?
Cone of Vision; Central / Linear Perspective; Circular Perspective) Circle of View has two possible meanings in relation to technical perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 94
What is Circle of Vision Perspective?
Circle of Vision Perspective refers to circle of Vision Perspective: Synonym for Cylinder of Vision Perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 94
What is Circle-Vision 360 in visual perspective?
Imaging Applications Natural + Artificial Perspective = Synthetic Perspective Photographic / Instrument / Graphical / Circular or Cylindrical Perspective —————————— Disney Circle-Vision 360: A fifilm format by Walt Disney Company that uses projection screens which encircle the audience.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 136, 143, 144, 153, 206, 209, 213
Why do circles become ellipses in perspective?
A circle usually projects as an ellipse when its plane is oblique to the viewing direction or picture plane. The more oblique the plane becomes, the more the projected circular form is foreshortened; only a circle seen frontally retains a circular image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-Influenced Horizon in perspective geometry?
— Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions. [14] Circular Horizon Type C — Osculating-Sphere Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: a horizon or limb formed where sight lines are tangent to a sphere or locally approximating spherical surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Circular Horizon Type C — Osculating-Sphere Horizon in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Circular Perspective (A, B)?
Circle of View (1, 2 [A, B]); Cone of Vision; Central / Linear Perspective; Circular Perspective) Circle of View has two possible meanings in relation to technical perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 94
What is Clarity Perspective?
Clarity Perspective is a synonym for detail perspective as defined by the attained visual acuity or visible outline structure for the image/view of a spatial object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 94
What is Clarke Projection?
Clarke Projection is a map projection based on the Clarke spheroid, which was determined by Jacob Clarke in 1866.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 94
How does Class Chaining relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Class Chaining is relevant because class chaining occurs when the two basic directional classes operate sequentially within one perspective process or system; for example, a camera may form or capture an image that is subsequently projected or displayed on a surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
How does Class Chaining vs Category Chaining relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Class Chaining vs Category Chaining is relevant because distinction: Class chaining describes the sequential operation of the two directional classes, whereas category chaining describes a sequence of perspective categories identifying the means or modes involved.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
How does Class Overloading relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Class Overloading is relevant because class overloading occurs when one perspective process or system performs both image-forming or capturing and image-projecting roles at the same time.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
How does Class Overloading vs. Category Overloading relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Class Overloading vs. Category Overloading is relevant because category Overloading Distinction: Class overloading concerns a process or system operating in both directional classes at the same time, whereas category overloading concerns a process belonging to more than one category or mode.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
What is Classical Perspective?
Classical Perspective is used in the Dictionary as another name for linear perspective. In this sense it refers to the established rectilinear central-projection tradition associated especially with geometrical pictorial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
What is Close-Up Perspective?
Close-Up Perspective is a perspective image that adopts a close-up view/image of a spatial object/scene, or with a small distance between eye point and object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
What is Closed Perspective?
Closed perspective is a term used to describe a particular theatrical form of perspective, referring in the first instance to the ‘closed’ viewpoint(s) of people and (potentially) objects/processes on the stage as opposed to the broader ‘open perspective’ of the audience (or distant spatial horizon, etc).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
What is Co-ordinate planes of projection?
The picture plane and the ground plane are known as coordinate planes of projection, and on them is performed all the work of constructing the perspective view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
What is Coaxial Perspective?
In a "coaxial perspective," several spatial objects or scene elements share a common axis within a single view/image (often due to a geometry originating in object space), like coaxial rotors in a helicopter.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 95
What is color perspective?
Colour perspective is the use or occurrence of colour changes as a depth cue. Differences of hue, saturation, brightness and contrast can make forms appear nearer or farther, and atmospheric conditions often strengthen these distance-related colour effects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What is colour perspective?
Colour perspective is the use or occurrence of colour changes as a depth cue. Differences of hue, saturation, brightness and contrast can make forms appear nearer or farther, and atmospheric conditions often strengthen these distance-related colour effects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
What does leonardo da vinci and kim veltman mean in Colour Perspective?
In this context, Colour Perspective - Leonardo da Vinci and Kim Veltman refers to writing about Leonardo da Vinci’s approach to painting, Kim Veltman said that for Leonardo, as a general category, colour perspective subsumes aerial perspective - and includes Leonardo’s azure law concerning distant objects and perspective of shadows/reffections, all of which Leonardo tested experimentally and included in his artworks to enhance realism. Colour Phi Illusion When apparent motion is induced between objects with different colours, the colour of the apparently moving object abruptly changes midway along the path.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 97
What is Column Perspective?
Column or colonnade perspective is a view/image of a set of regular size/shaped/spaced columns (normal case is tall cylinder-shaped columns, for example, as with the Parthenon in Greece); whereby a whole range of perspective problems, visual effects, and optical distortions, have been noticed, studied and written about in the perspective literature, and in relation to this particular type of structural framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 97
What is Combined Perspective?
Combined Perspective intentionally joins two or more distinct views, images, perspective methods or spatial constructions within one view or image. In the PRC framework it can include combinations of real and represented views, while remaining distinct from a simple single-perspective system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 97; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 84–88
What is Comic Perspective?
The e ort of the 2-D comic book artist to capture that difference in size and shape of 3-D objects near and far away (objects present in a depicted spatial reality).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 98
What is Complex Perspective?
Complex Perspective refers to ) Form of perspective first identified by Leonardo da Vinci in which central rays falling between object and image point(s) are not symmetrical in terms of angular approach (includes all modern types of optical perspective in situations whereby a regular shaped 3-D scene/object is viewed/depicted either at a tilted/ obtuse angle or else an irregular 3-D scene/object is viewed/depicted at afilmost any angle whatsoever).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 100
What is components of perspective?
Core perspective principles include a viewpoint or centre of projection, spatial direction, projection to an image surface, diminution with distance, foreshortening and the vanishing behaviour of receding lines and planes. Particular methods add their own construction and measurement rules.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Composite Perspective?
Composite Perspective is a multi-category perspective process, system or image produced when several categories operate in sequence or combination.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 100
What is Composite Perspective Image?
A composite perspective image is an image formed through more than one perspective category, method, view or spatial construction. Its components may be linked in sequence, combined, overlaid or otherwise coordinated within one final image rather than arising from a single isolated perspective process.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 100
What is Compositional Perspective?
Compositional Perspective refers to in his notebook writings, Leonardo da Vinci identifies what he calls composite or synthetic perspective, which is a combination of perspective derived partly from art (graphics) and partly from nature (vision/optics).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 101
What is compression perspective?
Perspective compression is the reduced apparent size difference between near and far objects when the viewpoint is relatively distant. It is commonly associated with telephoto photographs because photographers move farther away to obtain the framing, not because the long lens itself changes perspective from a fixed position.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Computer vision in visual perspective?
Computer vision is the computational analysis of images and visual scenes so that a machine can identify, measure or interpret spatial information. In perspective research it connects image formation with tasks such as object recognition, three-dimensional reconstruction, navigation and scene analysis. It may operate on live or recorded images.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 185
What is Conformal Map Projection?
Conformal map projections preserve local angles and shapes, enabling accurate small-scale representation, but distort area sizes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 104
What is Conic Perspective?
Conic picture plane Any method of perspective that employs a conic picture plane to form images of a spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 104
What is Conic Projection?
Conic Projection is a synonym for the cone of vision. So named because all the rays of light which enter the eye from the objects viewed may be considered as forming a cone of which the eye is the vertex.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 104
What is Conical Perspective/Projection?
Conical Perspective or Projection refers to projection through a cone or pyramid of rays from a finite centre. In pictorial use the Dictionary links it with central or linear perspective, including one-point forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Conical Perspective/Projection entry
What is Conical Projection?
Conical Projection is another name for a central or linear perspective construction on a picture plane by taking a conical projection from object space onto a picture plane or perspective window.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 104
What is Constructed Perspective?
Constructed perspective refers to a perspective view produced deliberately by graphical or geometrical construction rather than captured directly from a scene. In the Dictionary it is also associated with early Renaissance constructive or bifocal methods in which a spatial image was assembled using geometrical procedures, sometimes with more than one constructed convergence point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 105
How does Contact Lens relate to optical perspective?
Contact Lens is a contact lens thin, curved lens on the cornea that corrects vision or serves cosmetic/ therapeutic purposes, functioning similarly to glasses.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 105
What is Contrast Perspective?
Contrast perspective concerns the reduction of apparent contrast with increasing distance. Light passing through the atmosphere is progressively scattered or absorbed, so differences between bright and dark regions and the distinctness of object outlines can diminish. It is therefore closely related to aerial or atmospheric perspective and to the loss of visible detail with distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 106
What is Coordinated Integrated Perspective?
Coordinated Integrated Perspective refers to co-ordinated perspective is a term that refers to the linking, joining-up or merging of multiple perspectives to form an integrated whole.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 107
What role did Nicolaus Copernicus play in the history of perspective?
Nicolaus Copernicus appears in Volume 1 within the wider history of geometrical and optical methods used in astronomy. He did not invent pictorial perspective; rather, his work belongs to the scientific tradition in which perspectival diagrams, instruments and geometrical projection supported the representation and analysis of spatial relationships.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 21
What is Coplanar Perspective?
Coplanar Perspective Refers to a specific type of perspective image/view of a spatial scene; whereby all of the viewed/represented scene elements (e.g. spatial objects or scene outlines) are co-planar or resting on the same spatial plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 108
What is Correct Perspective?
Correct Perspective is a synonym for linear perspective. Correct Perspective (B) The term correct perspective refers to the generation or application of a ‘correct’ or ‘realistic’ perspective view/ image; whereby said projection is assumed to reflect the ‘true’ shape or most realistic/naturalistic appearance of the object/scene; the same being implicitly an image chosen from several other less-realistic images/views that are possible.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 108
What is Cosmic Perspective?
Cosmic Perspective is a conceptual viewpoint, often adopted in cosmology and outreach, that emphasises understanding the scale of the universe and humanity's place within it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 108
What is Counter Perspective?
Counter Perspective Refers to a special kind of image scaling/distortion technique, or alternatively a physical object scaling distortion method, whereby for sets of objects seen in natural or recession perspective, at a particular aspect, and at increasing distances - then the physical scale of objects increases as the distance increases and thus to ‘counter’ the natural size diminution that would normally occur as depth increases.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 109
Who created the first mathematical system of perspective in painting?
No single person invented all perspective. In Renaissance linear perspective, Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti published an influential geometrical description. Perspective methods also existed in many earlier cultures.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
How does crop factor affect perspective?
To preserve perspective, keep the camera viewpoint in the same place. To preserve field of view as sensor size changes, adjust focal length proportionally. Crop factor therefore affects the focal length needed for equivalent framing, not the perspective produced from an unchanged viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Cross Perspective?
Cross Perspective is used for more than one cross-related perspective idea. The Dictionary includes cross-cultural perspective, where visual or representational conventions are compared across cultures, along with other cross-perspective relationships defined in its separate numbered senses.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 110
What is Crystallographic Projection?
Crystallographic projection is a method of representing crystal structures in two dimensions using a conformal projection, such as the stereographic projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 111
What is Cube in Perspective?
Cube in Perspective Refers to projecting a true (or realistic) perspective image of a cube in 1,2,3,4,5,6 point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 111
What is Curious Perspective?
Curious Perspective is given as a synonym for Trick Perspective. It therefore belongs to the family of deliberately unusual or illusionistic perspective methods rather than denoting a separate basic geometrical projection class.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 111
What is Curved and Split Projection?
Curved and Split Projection; Spherical / Curved / Cylindrical Screens; Photography; Cinerama; Mixed Projection Perspective) Curved and split projection perspective techniques are used to manipulate 3-D scenes for immersive viewing, artistic distortion, optical/visual illusion, or to fit wide-angle views onto surfaces without extreme edge stretching.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 112
What is Curved Perspective?
Graphical Perspective; Instrument Perspective; Curvilinear Perspective) Curved Perspective may refer to (at least) one of six possible visual effects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 112
What is Curved Projection?
Curved / spherical picture plane - sphere-of-revolution (object); or sphere-of-vision (scene) First we have the use of a curved projection or picture plane; combined with imaging forming lens/camera, etc; whereby two geometric effects are the result; firstly, the objects tend to be sampled from multiple angles simultaneously (sphere-of-revolution or partial multi-view), and secondly, the entire scene exists on a circular or cylinder-shaped canvas (sphere-of-vision for display of scene).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 112
What is Curved Projection Ray Perspective?
Curved Projection Ray Perspective Refers to an unusual class/form of perspective system, related methods, and resultant images, in which the light-rays used to project an image from object to image space are curved or non-linear in form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 112
What is Curvilinear Perspective?
Graphical Perspective; Curved / Cylindrical Perspective) A type of central perspective in which the perspective scene has an overall curvilinear shape similar in form to the views projected by a fish-eye lens; and normally the image has 2-5 primary vanishing points (i.e. two or more of: central vanishing point (depth direction), left plus right, and top plus bottom, vanishing points).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 113-114; Volume 1 2.1, p. 128
What does azimuthal mean in curvilinear perspective?
In this context, Curvilinear Perspective - azimuthal refers to azimuthal curvilinear perspective is an advanced, multi-point drawing system used to project a 3-D, 360-degree, or wideangle, hemispherical scene onto a 2-D surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 113
What does cylindrical view or image mean in curvilinear perspective?
In this context, Curvilinear Perspective - cylindrical view or image refers to cylindrical View/Image System or method of cylindrical curvilinear perspective, whereby either:; A wide-angle spatial scene is imaged onto a convex cylindrical picture plane (multi-view perspective).; A wide-angle spatial scene is projected onto a concave cylindrical-shaped viewing screen.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 113
What does deininger's mean in curvilinear perspective?
In this context, Curvilinear Perspective - Deininger's refers to deininger’s System or method of curvilinear perspective developed by Deininger.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 113
What does general curvilinear system mean in curvilinear perspective?
In this context, Curvilinear Perspective - general curvilinear system refers to curved Vanishing Line (Projection Method Sourced) Refers to a set of mutually parallel straight lines in object space that appear to converge towards a vanishing point in image space (surrounding a central vanishing line), whereby the apparent curvatures of said lines is caused by the projection method (ref. curvilinear, cylindrical, or spherical perspective method or system of projection).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 113
What does hauck's mean in curvilinear perspective?
In this context, Curvilinear Perspective - Hauck's refers to william Herdman and Guido Hauck developed methods that rely on curvilinear recession across the picture field.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 113
What does hyperbolic mean in curvilinear perspective?
Hyperbolic curvilinear perspective is the hyperbolic form or system within the wider family of curvilinear perspectives. It replaces the wholly rectilinear organisation of ordinary linear perspective with a curved geometrical mapping based on hyperbolic form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 114
What does stereographic mean in curvilinear perspective?
In this context, Curvilinear Perspective - stereographic refers to stereographic curvilinear perspective is often a 5point perspective drawing technique that uses curved lines instead of straight lines to represent 3-D spaces, accurately simulating a wide-angle or " sheye" view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 113
What is Cutaway Perspective?
Cutaway Perspective is a technical drawing method (normally a parallel projection) whereby the object is sliced by an imaginary cutting plane right across its dimensional body and everything backwards from the slice is removed and hence a sectional drawing is produced that shows the inside structure of the object in a forward projected direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 114
What is Cybernetic Perspective?
Cybernetic Perspective is a way of thinking about complex systems that uses the idea of feedback and communication to understand how parts of a system interact.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 114
What is Cylinder of Revolution Perspective?
Cylinder of Revolution Perspective is another name for Circle of Revolution Perspective in the Dictionary. It describes a revolution-based perspective framework organised around the observer, related to cylindrical or circular fields used for looking around a surrounding scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Cylinder/Circle of Revolution Perspective entries
What is Cylinder of Vision Perspective?
Cylinder of Vision Perspective is another name for Circle of Vision Perspective in the Dictionary. It models or represents a surrounding field of view on a cylindrical or circular framework around the observer and is related to panoramic and looking-around perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Cylinder/Circle of Vision Perspective entries
What is Cylindrical Equal Area Projection?
In cartography, the normal cylindrical equal-area projection is a family of normal cylindrical, equal-area map projections.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 116
What is Cylindrical Perspective ([A: 1, 2], B)?
Cylindrical Perspective refers to, circular perspective, panoramic perspective, cylinder of revolution perspective, hemisphere of vision, spherical perspective, Andrew Flocon, Dick Termes, termesphere, David Chelsea, sphere of vision perspective, circle of vision perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 116
D
What is da vinci perspective?
Leonardo da Vinci studied perspective as part of a broader investigation of geometry, optics, vision and pictorial representation. He used linear perspective while also analysing atmospheric change, diminution, shadows and other visual phenomena that affect spatial appearance.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is davinci perspective?
Leonardo da Vinci studied perspective as part of a broader investigation of geometry, optics, vision and pictorial representation. He used linear perspective while also analysing atmospheric change, diminution, shadows and other visual phenomena that affect spatial appearance.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Decelerated Perspective?
Some depicted spaces Accelerated were calculated/built to make distances appear closer (decelerated perspective), Perspective while others were built to make them appear farther away (accelerated Decelerated perspective).
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 39, 67, 85, 86, 172
What is definition of perspective?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is the definition of perspective?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is the definition of perspectives?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is the definition of the word perspective?
The word “perspective” can mean a viewpoint or a method of representing spatial appearance. In the PRC framework it has a broader technical meaning covering the relationships by which spatial reality is seen, projected, imaged and represented.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Degradation of Form in Perspective?
Degradation of Form in Perspective Refers to changes in the projected appearance of geometrical points, lines, planes, solids, angles and complete forms under perspective projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 118
What is Depth Components?
Depth Components refers to vertical Horizon (linear perspective); Horizon Line (types); Diminution of Size; Perspective of lateral distortion (1, 2, 3, 4); Lateral Convergence (1, 2); Lateral Distortion (of Linear Perspective); Vanishing Point; Vanishing Point - Lateral; Vanishing Point (Lateral A, B); Vertical Perspective (1, 2); One-Axis Vertical Perspective) Size Diminution in All Directions and the Formation of Vanishing Points In a standard linear-perspective construction using a vertical picture plane, object-space verticals are parallel to the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 119
What is Depth Cue in visual perspective?
Depth Cue is a synonym for visual depth cues. Depth Line (Height Line; Measuring Line) Within a one-point linear-perspective image, the projections of objectspace lines that are parallel to one another and perpendicular to the picture plane form depth lines or orthogonals converging on the central vanishing point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 120
What is Depth cues in visual perspective?
Depth cues are visual features used to infer three-dimensional structure and distance. Volume 1 discusses monocular cues such as perspective of form, diminution, occlusion, focus, atmospheric change and motion parallax, together with binocular cues including stereopsis and convergence. Perspective therefore contributes several of the signals from which spatial depth is interpreted.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 66, 96, 97, 110, 129, 195, 212, 230, 239
What is Depth of Field/Depth of Field Perspective?
Depth of Field / Depth of Field Perspective (Eye, Camera; Narrow region of Spatial Depth providing sharp focus in front of Eye/Camera lens = Range of Object Distances.) Depth of field (DoF) is the object-space distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image. The purpose of a perspective image capture system (e.g. a camera) is to provide sharp images of objects in spatial reality, especially in relation to the third, or depth, dimension.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 120
What is Depth of Focus/Depth of Focus Perspective?
Depth of Focus / Depth of Focus Perspective (Narrow region behind lens where sensor is placed to produce in-focus image.) Depth of focus is the image-space distance tolerance of a lens system, measuring how much the image plane (sensor or film) can be moved forward or backwards while maintaining acceptable image sharpness.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 120
What is Detail Perspective?
Detail Perspective is a synonym for clarity perspective as defined by the attained visual acuity or visible outline structure for the image/view of a spatial object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 122
What is Diagonal Perspective?
Diagonal Perspective refers to oblique Angle Perspective (1); Linear Perspective) Synonym for 2-point perspective, angular perspective (1), oblique angle perspective (1).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 123
What is Dialling Perspective?
Dialling perspective is a geometrical projection associated with sundial construction. It projects spatial or directional relationships onto a dial surface, which may be flat, circular, cylindrical or otherwise shaped, so that the geometry of the sun’s apparent direction can be represented on the receiving surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 124
What is the difference between 5-point and 4-point perspective?
Both are multi-point wide-field constructions, but the exact difference depends on the particular curvilinear system. Five-point perspective is commonly used for an approximately hemispherical fisheye-like field, while four-point systems cover other wide or curved configurations.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is the difference between a perspective transform and a homography?
A homography is a projective transformation between planes, often used to map one planar image view to another. Perspective projection is the broader process of projecting three-dimensional geometry from a viewpoint; a homography can represent the induced mapping for a plane but not arbitrary 3-D depth by itself.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is the difference between axonometric and perspective?
Axonometric or isometric projection is parallel projection, so parallel directions remain parallel and do not converge to finite vanishing points. Central perspective uses a finite viewpoint, so size changes with depth and receding parallels can converge.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is the difference between isometric and perspective?
Axonometric or isometric projection is parallel projection, so parallel directions remain parallel and do not converge to finite vanishing points. Central perspective uses a finite viewpoint, so size changes with depth and receding parallels can converge.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is the difference between perspective and oblique?
Oblique projection is a parallel projection in which projectors strike the image plane obliquely; receding axes stay parallel and are often given a chosen scale. Central perspective instead projects from a finite station point and produces depth-dependent diminution and vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is the difference between perspective and orthographic?
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection in which projectors are perpendicular to the image plane. It preserves true scale in planes parallel to the projection plane and does not use finite vanishing points, making it fundamental to plans, elevations and technical drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What different kinds of perspective are used in art?
Art uses many perspectives: linear one-, two- and three-point systems, parallel and oblique projections, aerial or atmospheric perspective, reverse perspective, curvilinear and spherical forms, multiple-view systems and deliberately distorted or simulated perspectives.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What are different types of perspective?
There is no authoritative list of only three or four types. The Dictionary identifies about 1,200 named types and forms spanning natural, visual, optical, graphical, mathematical, technical, photographic, curvilinear, parallel, simulated and many specialist systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What are the different types of perspective?
There is no authoritative list of only three or four types. The Dictionary identifies about 1,200 named types and forms spanning natural, visual, optical, graphical, mathematical, technical, photographic, curvilinear, parallel, simulated and many specialist systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
How are different types of perspective used in art?
There is no authoritative list of only three or four types. The Dictionary identifies about 1,200 named types and forms spanning natural, visual, optical, graphical, mathematical, technical, photographic, curvilinear, parallel, simulated and many specialist systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Digital Perspective?
Digital Perspective Refers to a digital perspective view/image/model of spatial reality as created from, or projected from, a physical, instrument, imaginary, mathematical, graphical or New Media perspective view/image/model.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 125
What is Dilation Perspective?
Dilation Perspective Refers to using dilations (resizing figures while maintaining shape) to create a three-dimensional effect in artwork or drawings.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 126
What is dimetric perspective?
Dimetric projection is an axonometric parallel projection in which two of the three principal axes use the same scale while the third uses a different scale. It lies between isometric and trimetric forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Dimetric Projection?
Dimetric Projection (Parallel Perspective) In dimetric axonometric projection, two principal axes have equal foreshortening and the third has a different scale.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 127
What is Diminishing Size Perspective/Diminution of Size Perspective, Diminution of Colour Perspective?
Note that the name diminishing perspective seems at odds with the increased depth effect, but in this case refers to the apparently increased perspective recession of lines (ref. false size diminution with distance).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 128
What is diminution?
Diminution is the reduction of apparent or projected size with increasing distance from the viewpoint. It is one of the central perspective phenomena: equal objects, widths or intervals occupy progressively smaller visual angles and therefore appear smaller or more closely spaced in the image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Diminution of Contrast Perspective?
Diminution of Contrast Perspective refers to apparent loss of relative surface brightness The apparent intensity of light reflected from surface features within a spatial object/scene, diminishes with distance or depth, due to atmospheric perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 128
What is Diminution of form in perspective geometry?
These phenomena include apparent diminution of size with distance (size/distance formula), apparent diminution of form (loss of outline detail with distance), apparent degradation of form Perspective (object shape distortions with viewing angle), aspect foreshortening (viewing Phenomena direction apparent contraction of size), plus vanishing points, among others. Diminution of Size However, they are not generally considered to have developed, understood or Diminution of Form applied a fully codified method equivalent to Renaissance linear perspective.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 32, 43-45, 55, 58, 77, 96, 98, 107, 122, 125, 199, 229, 230, 243
What is Diminution of Form Perspective?
Diminution of Form Perspective refers to image Outline Detail; Loss of object outline detail; Loss of Image Resolution; Visual Acuity; Acuity Perspective) 1.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 128
What is Diminution of Magnitude Perspective?
Diminution of Magnitude Perspective refers to we have four types of diminution of magnitude perspective: 1.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 129
What is Diminution of Pattern Perspective?
Diminution of Pattern Perspective Refers to the diminution of patterns present on an object surface or object plane; whereby the apparent size of said structural forms is gradually reduced in size according to the perspective of diminution of size or outline lengths with increasing distance from the viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 129
What is Diminution of Relief Perspective?
Diminution of Relief Perspective refers to reduction of tonal relief and local contrast with distance, as shadows, highlights and midtones become less distinctly separated.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 129
How does Direction of Vision affect visual perspective?
In the PRC account, Direction of Vision is relevant because linear Perspective). Synonym for Line of Sight (preferred term). All types of single-view, unified, or technical/systematic perspective methods/systems involve looking-at/observing/ representing a spatial scene/object as seen from a specific viewpoint (eye / station point) and using a fixed direction of vision, the latter being an optical/geometric projection made along a fixed line of sight or optical axis.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 131
How does Director’s Lens relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Director’s Lens is relevant because oftentimes, a director of a fifilm or television production will employ a special hand-held lens or director’s view nder that approximately reproduces the intended framing and lens field of view, or in other words, the lens has the same focal length, field of view, and notably other perspective optical effects and optical distortions as will be seen by the audience during viewing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 131
What is Disc Projection?
Disc projection is a technique that uses a disc to project an image onto a surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 131
Who discovered perspective?
No single person invented all perspective. In Renaissance linear perspective, Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti published an influential geometrical description. Perspective methods also existed in many earlier cultures.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is distance perspective?
Distance perspective refers broadly to changes in appearance associated with increasing distance, including diminution, reduced detail, atmospheric effects and changes in relative scale. The exact meaning depends on the perspective category being discussed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is Distance Point (B) (Linear Perspective)?
D 133 Distance Line (Artificial / Graphical Perspective; Linear Perspective; Distance Points) A construction line directed towards a distance point and used to transfer equal or proportional measurements into depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 133
How does Distance Point (Left) relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Distance Point is relevant because / Distance Point (Horizontal) (Distance Point Method) In a graphical perspective construction, the distance points are the distances from the eye laid off on the horizon to the right and left of the centre of vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 133
How does Distance Point (Right) relate to perspective?
Distance Point is a distance point located on the right side of the central axis of vision, placed on the horizon line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 134
How does Distance Point (Vertical) relate to perspective?
Distance Point is a distance point located on a secondary visual plane aligned with the vertical axis, whereby it is placed on a secondary horizon line present on the same secondary visual plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 134
What is Distance Point Construction in perspective drawing?
Distance Point Construction is an important Renaissance method of one-point-perspective construction. The distance-point construction uses the vanishing points of the 45-degree diagonals of a square. Their picture-plane distance from the central vanishing point equals the station-point distance from the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 134
Why do distant objects look smaller?
Diminution is the reduction of apparent or projected size with increasing distance from the viewpoint. It is one of the central perspective phenomena: equal objects, widths or intervals occupy progressively smaller visual angles and therefore appear smaller or more closely spaced in the image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Distortion (of perspective images)?
Distortion refers to false / True Perspective; Zeeman’s Paradox) Perspective images are created with reference to a particular station point relative to the picture plane (or a fixed viewpoint relative to the actual/painted scene lying beyond).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 135
What is distortion perspective?
Distortion perspective is a broad label for perspective in which projected form, scale or spatial relationships appear altered or exaggerated. The cause may be viewpoint, field of view, projection type or deliberate transformation and should be distinguished from lens aberration.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is Distortion Projection/Perspective?
Distortion Projection / Perspective (Anamorphic Distortion; False Perspective) A class of artificial perspective drawing, or representation (typically using graphical or New Media / digital perspective but may include optically produced kinds of anamorphic distortion), whereby the appearance of the object and/or scene suffers severe large-scale distortions in terms of (for example) distorted or altered image size/shape/position elements.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 135
What is Division Perspective or Construction?
Division Perspective or Construction Refers to any perspective representation or view of a single spatial scene that splits the optical vista into several different ‘perspective windows’ within the same scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 136
What is Dodeca Perspective?
Dodeca Perspective refers to termesphere Another name for one of Dick Termes’s methods for producing a Termesphere perspective, whereby he has a patent for a dodecahedral camera that captures twelve coordinated images.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 136
What is Double Axonometric Perspective?
Double axonometric perspective is a dimetric form of axonometric projection in which two of the three principal axes have the same foreshortening while the third uses a different scale. Because it is a parallel projection, corresponding spatial directions remain parallel rather than converging to finite vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 137
What is Double Horizon Perspective?
Double Horizon Perspective is used as a synonym for a twin-view form of Axial Perspective. The doubled horizon structure results from the way more than one axial or viewing arrangement is combined in the representation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Double Horizon/Axial Perspective entries
What is Double Projection Method?
Double Projection Method is a construction method employing two projections or two vanishing directions; in some sources the term is used for a plan-view method of constructing two-point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 138
What is Downshot Perspective?
Downshot perspective is a high-angle camera view made with the camera above the subject and directed downward. It can range from a moderately elevated view to a near-overhead or top-down view. It is the opposite of an upshot or low-angle view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 139
What is Dramatic Perspective?
Dramatic Perspective refers to 1: Refers to a perspective view/image taken from a very close viewpoint, or from a very high or very low angle-of-view or where the station point is at a great or low height, or alternatively it can refer to a camera shot taken from a sharp inclined angle or ‘Dutch’ angle. 2: Refers to storyline in a play or fifilm that relates to sudden or striking actions / situations.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 139
How do you draw a car in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw a circle in perspective?
Place the circle on a correctly constructed plane or box. A circle on an oblique plane projects as an ellipse; use the containing square, its diagonals and tangent points to control the ellipse. Cylinders are built from related elliptical sections joined along a consistent axis.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw a mirror perspective?
A reflected view must obey both reflection geometry and the perspective of the reflected scene. Treat the mirror as a reflecting plane: construct the virtual reflected positions symmetrically behind it, then project those virtual points from the eye or camera into the image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
How do you draw a tiled floor in perspective?
Establish the ground plane, horizon and relevant vanishing direction first. Use a perspective grid, diagonals or measuring points to space repeated divisions consistently in depth; then build the tiles, sleepers or stair risers and treads from that measured framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw an interior perspective of a room?
For an interior or architectural view, establish the eye level, station point or intended viewing direction, picture plane and principal vanishing points. Construct the room or building as measured planes and boxes, then transfer heights and repeated features such as doors and windows with measuring lines, diagonals or grids.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw an object that's tilted in two perspective system?
Rotating an object changes the directions of its edge families relative to the fixed viewpoint. Re-establish the vanishing point or vanishing line for each rotated direction, then construct the object within those new directional constraints rather than reusing the old points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How do you draw anatomy in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw bodies in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw buildings in perspective step by step?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw cast shadows in perspective?
To construct a shadow in perspective, first establish the object, ground or receiving plane and the direction of the light rays. Project the relevant object points along that light direction until they meet the receiving plane, then join the resulting shadow points consistently with the perspective system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw columns in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How can I draw different elements in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw faces in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw fisheye perspective?
Start with the viewing field and the curvilinear projection you intend to use, then establish its principal axes and vanishing structure. Straight spatial lines are mapped as curves according to that projection, so use a corresponding curvilinear grid rather than applying ordinary straight-line vanishing rules.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
How do you draw furniture in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw hands in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw parallel inclined surfaces in perspective?
Treat each inclined surface as a plane with its own directional geometry. Parallel edges on the same inclined plane share appropriate vanishing points, while the plane itself has a vanishing line; construct one plane accurately and transfer parallel relationships to the others.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
Can I draw perspective without a ruler?
Yes. Freehand perspective can estimate the horizon, directions, vanishing relationships and proportions without a ruler. It is less exact than measured construction, but boxes, comparative sighting, diagonals and simple grids can keep the result coherent.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw railroad tracks in perspective?
Establish the ground plane, horizon and relevant vanishing direction first. Use a perspective grid, diagonals or measuring points to space repeated divisions consistently in depth; then build the tiles, sleepers or stair risers and treads from that measured framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw reflections in perspective?
A reflected view must obey both reflection geometry and the perspective of the reflected scene. Treat the mirror as a reflecting plane: construct the virtual reflected positions symmetrically behind it, then project those virtual points from the eye or camera into the image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
How do you draw rotated things with perspective?
Rotating an object changes the directions of its edge families relative to the fixed viewpoint. Re-establish the vanishing point or vanishing line for each rotated direction, then construct the object within those new directional constraints rather than reusing the old points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How do you draw shadows in perspective?
To construct a shadow in perspective, first establish the object, ground or receiving plane and the direction of the light rays. Project the relevant object points along that light direction until they meet the receiving plane, then join the resulting shadow points consistently with the perspective system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw stairs in perspective?
Establish the ground plane, horizon and relevant vanishing direction first. Use a perspective grid, diagonals or measuring points to space repeated divisions consistently in depth; then build the tiles, sleepers or stair risers and treads from that measured framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw trees in perspective?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw using 4d perspective?
“4-D perspective” is not a single standard drawing system. In the Dictionary, higher-dimensional and New Media forms are distinguished from ordinary one-, two- and three-point constructions; any 4-D representation necessarily projects or models higher-dimensional relationships in a lower-dimensional image or display.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
How do you draw using perspective?
Choose a viewpoint and picture plane, establish the horizon or principal reference directions, and construct the main forms with consistent vanishing relationships. Add depth through measured recession, diminution, overlap and foreshortening before refining detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw using types of perspective?
Choose the perspective type according to the projection you need. Use one-, two- or three-point perspective for common central rectilinear views, parallel or axonometric projection when finite convergence is unwanted, and curvilinear or spherical systems for very wide fields.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
How do you draw wide angle perspective?
Wide-angle perspective describes the strong perspective relationships produced when a large field of view is represented. In rectilinear projection this can exaggerate near-far differences and stretch lateral forms; curvilinear projections distribute the wide field differently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is Drawdown Perspective?
Drawdown Perspective refers to ) 1: Camera / lens distortion: A high-angle or downward-looking view may produce pronounced changes in apparent size and shape, especially when the camera is close to the subject and a wide field of view is used.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 139
What is drawing perspective?
Perspective drawing is the graphical representation of spatial appearance from a viewpoint. It uses geometrical or estimated relationships such as horizon, vanishing directions, diminution, foreshortening and measurement to organise depth on a flat surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Drawn Perspective?
Drawn Perspective is perspective produced artificially through drawing or graphical representation. It therefore belongs to graphical perspective and can include central, mathematical, linear and other constructed perspective methods.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 140
What is Driving Perspective?
Driving Perspective is a live or moving perspective image that is captured from a moving vehicle.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 140
What is Drone Perspective?
Drone Perspective is a type of aerial or ying perspective in which a drone is tted with a movie camera, and is able to capture still or moving images of elevated scenes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 141
What role did Albrecht Dürer play in the history of perspective?
Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Dürer's vast body of work includes engravings, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books, which together secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Renaissance period. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics for linear perspective and body proportions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 141; Volume 1 2.1, p. 19, 31, 37, 38, 133
E
What is Eastern Perspective?
Eastern Perspective is an umbrella term for perspective methods and representational systems originating in non-Western traditions. It does not denote one single geometry; the Dictionary uses it to group several historical approaches distinct from the conventional European linear-perspective tradition.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Eastern Perspective entry
What is Egyptian Perspective?
Ancient Egyptian representation commonly employed composite or aspective conventions, hierarchical scale, registers and characteristic views selected for clarity.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 144
What is Elements of Perspective?
<< NEW / REFINED Classification >> (Linear Perspective; 5 Key Elements of Linear Perspective; 6 Geometric Elements of an Object Form; 12 Phenomena of Linear Perspective; Perspective Rules; Simplified Rules of Linear Perspective; Perspective Phenomena) The three basic elements of optical perspective are: eye/camera at a fixed point, a picture or projection plane, and a spatial object/scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 147
What is Elevated Perspective?
Elevated perspective is any perspective image or view of a spatial scene made from a viewpoint raised above the ordinary ground-level position. The degree of elevation may vary from a moderately high viewpoint to an aerial or bird’s-eye view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 147
What is Elliptical Equal Area Projection?
Elliptical Equal Area Projection Refers to the Mollweide projection, which displays the Earth as an ellipse while preserving relative area proportions, making it ideal for visualising global distributions where accurate area representation is crucial; it is essentially an equal-area projection with an elliptical shape.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 148
What is Entasis Perspective?
Entasis is a slight convex curve applied to architectural elements like columns, spires, walls, or doorways to correct optical illusions and/or for aesthetic reasons:; Optical illusions: entasis counteracts the illusion that straight lines appear curved.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 149
What are Environmental Factors?
Environmental factors are conditions in the surrounding spatial scene that influence perspective appearance or perception. The Dictionary associates them with phenomena such as optic flow during movement, perceptual invariants and environmental affordances or cues that help an observer interpret the structure and use of spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 149
What is Environmental Perspective?
PCT term not directly related to James J. Gibson’s environmental theory. Environmental perspective includes viewpoint geometries, or naturally occurring optical effects such as projection of light-beams, shadows/outlines, line of sight problems, translucency/reffection/colour effects, astronomical, atmospheric, underwater optics, etc; environmental perspective includes (aspects of) humandesigned vistas (e.g., architecture, gardens, etc.).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 149; Volume 1 2.1, p. 65, 67, 74, 107, 151, 178, 251
What is Equi-Rectilinear Perspective?
Equi-Rectilinear Perspective refers to 1: Linear Perspective (non-standard reference sometimes found in older publications) Another name for linear perspective (one, two, three-point type).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 150
What are the main eras in the history of perspective?
The Dictionary organises the history of perspective into a sequence of eras extending from ancient Egypt and Greece through Roman, medieval, Renaissance, scientific, photographic, cinematic, digital and twenty-first-century developments. The sequence shows that perspective evolved through many different systems of vision, representation, instruments and technologies rather than through a single invention.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 10–11; Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective
What is Eras of perspective?
The Dictionary organises the development of perspective into eleven historical eras, with a twenty-first-century era added to extend the sequence to the present. These eras are an editorial framework for tracing changing methods of viewing, projection and representation rather than a claim that perspective developed in one simple linear progression.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 10–11
What is error perspective?
Perspective error is any inconsistency between the intended perspective system and the represented geometry, such as incompatible vanishing directions, mixed viewpoints or incorrect scale and foreshortening. Deliberate departures may instead be artistic or simulated perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What role did M.C Escher play in the history of perspective?
M. C. Escher explored perspective through mathematically informed graphic art involving impossible objects, infinity, reflection, symmetry, tessellation, polyhedra and hyperbolic geometry. His work demonstrates how perspective can be deliberately manipulated to create spatial paradoxes and visual structures that could not exist as ordinary physical space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 151
What is Essential lines of linear perspective?
The essential reference lines of linear perspective include the horizon or eye-level line and the projected line families directed toward their corresponding vanishing points. Depending on the construction, ground, measuring, vertical, transverse and other reference lines may also be used to locate and measure forms consistently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 151
What is Essential planes of linear perspective?
The essential planes of linear perspective include the picture plane, ground plane and the observer's horizontal and vertical sight or reference planes. Together with the station point and relevant lines, these planes establish the geometrical framework from which vanishing, horizon and measuring relationships are constructed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Essential Planes / Linear Perspective entries
What is etymology perspective?
The word perspective derives through terms connected with seeing through or viewing. In the PRC usage, the historical word has broadened far beyond a single drawing method to include visual, optical, geometrical, graphical and technical forms of spatial representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Eumorphic Projection?
The Boggs Eumorphic Projection is a pseudocylindrical equal-area world-map projection. It preserves area while distributing shape distortion across the map and belongs to cartographic projection rather than central pictorial perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Eumorphic Projection entry
What is European Perspective?
European Perspective is used in the Dictionary as another name for linear perspective, reflecting a historical-cultural label for the rectilinear central-perspective tradition strongly associated with European Renaissance art.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 152
What is Extended Perspective System?
The Extended Perspective System (EPS) is a unified perspective system that combines existing perspective systems into a larger conceptual framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 155
What is Exterior Perspective?
Exterior Perspective is another name for Exterior View Perspective: a perspective image of an object, building or enclosed scene taken from an external rather than an interior viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 155
What is Extreme Perspective?
Extreme Perspective Refers to any view/image of a spatial scene/object that exhibits extreme image distortions (ref. geometric changes to image shape/size/position/angular elements, etc), such as the ‘bent’ or curved appearing straight lines seen with extreme close-up view or wide- field lens, and as displayed by curvilinear and spherical perspective image forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 155
What are Extrinsic Factors?
Extrinsic Factors (perspective phenomena and depth cues); << NEW Term >>; Perspective Phenomena; Perspective Category Theory) Refers to perspective phenomena (appearance facets within a perspective image) that relate to, or emanate from, light ray direction, and also light ray wavelength plus intensity.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 156
Does eye level move when the observer moves?
Yes. The eye plane and its image position are tied to the observer. Raising, lowering or tilting the observer or camera changes the corresponding eye-level and horizon relationships in the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Does the horizon really have to be at eye level? (in perspective)?
Eye height is the observer’s vertical height above the ground plane; the eye-level line is the horizontal line through the relevant eye plane in the image. In the standard level-view construction it coincides with the geometrical horizon, but the terms describe different concepts and should not be confused.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is eye level in perspective drawing?
Eye height is the observer’s vertical height above the ground plane; the eye-level line is the horizontal line through the relevant eye plane in the image. In the standard level-view construction it coincides with the geometrical horizon, but the terms describe different concepts and should not be confused.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is eye level in perspective?
Eye height is the observer’s vertical height above the ground plane; the eye-level line is the horizontal line through the relevant eye plane in the image. In the standard level-view construction it coincides with the geometrical horizon, but the terms describe different concepts and should not be confused.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Why can we see the tops of objects below eye level?
Objects below eye level can reveal their upper surfaces because the observer looks downward onto them. Their top planes lie below the eye plane, so their visible projected surfaces face partly toward the observer.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Why can we see the undersides of objects above eye level?
Objects above eye level can reveal their undersides because the observer looks upward toward them. Their lower surfaces face partly toward the observer, while upper surfaces turn away from view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is eye perspective?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is eye perspective angle?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is eye perspective in vision?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Eye Point in visual perspective?
The Eye Point is the observer's eye position or centre of projection in a visual or perspective system. In graphical construction it is normally equivalent to the station point from which projectors are drawn to the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Eye Point / Station Point entries
What is Eye/Camera Plane in visual perspective?
Eye / Camera Plane [A] Refers to a plane that is normal to the optical line of sight or optic axis, and parallel to the perspective window or picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 158
What is Eye/Camera Point in visual perspective?
Eye / Camera Point Eye or camera point refers to the optical system’s viewing or station point position in object space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 158
What is eyes perspective?
“Eyes perspective” is not a precise standard term. In the PRC framework the relevant concepts are natural or visual perspective: the optical projection formed by the eyes and the visual experience derived from that projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Eyes: A User Manual in visual perspective?
Eyes: A User Manual How much painters see in shade and protrusions that we do not see.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 227, 229
F
What is False Perspective?
False Perspective is a somewhat ambiguous and relative term that can be applied to any perspective image/view that does not reflect so-called ‘true’ perspective features, whereby (for example) image shape and/or structural elements appear not to correctly reflect (faithfully) relationships present in the physical or target object/scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 161
What is False Vanishing Point Perspective?
False Vanishing Point Perspective: Physical use of, or graphical impression of, an object space with apparently ‘parallel’ lines that are not truly parallel, the same lines proceeding in the depth dimension, but that are not actually parallel, but rather have converging or diverging angles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 161
How can we ensure an equivalent image is captured, both in terms of field of view and perspective?
To preserve perspective, keep the camera viewpoint in the same place. To preserve field of view as sensor size changes, adjust focal length proportionally. Crop factor therefore affects the focal length needed for equivalent framing, not the perspective produced from an unchanged viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
How does Field of view affect visual perspective?
In the PRC account, Field of view is relevant because one example is Virtual, Augmented or Extended Reality, where a threedimensional virtual scene is presented within a person’s field of view.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 57, 73, 76, 97, 102, 103, 128, 141, 143, 144, 166, 174, 179, 194, 195, 203, 205, 211, 213, 225, 230, 243, 244
How does Field of View (FOV) affect visual perspective?
In the PRC account, Field of View is relevant because field of View (preferred term). Synonym for: Angle of View (2) — [See also: Visual Ray (2)]. The total angular field captured/represented/displayed in a perspective image/view of a spatial scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 162
How do you find right plane/perspective to place a product on a photo?
Recover the photograph’s horizon and vanishing directions first, then construct the plane on which the product must sit. Align the product’s corresponding edge directions with those vanishing points and match its scale to nearby reference geometry before compositing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Fishbone Perspective?
Fishbone Perspective is given in the Dictionary as another name or cross-reference for Axial Perspective. It should therefore be understood through the axial-perspective entry rather than as a separate major system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 165
What is Fisheye Perspective?
Marcia Spherical Perspective Clark's [1938-] 1987 exhibition on Contemporary Panoramas shows how artists Fisheye Perspective captured multiple viewpoints simultaneously, as seen in Termes’ spheres.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 40, 128, 141, 211
Is there four-point or five-point perspective?
Five-point perspective is commonly associated with a very wide curvilinear or fisheye-type construction that represents directions over an approximately hemispherical field using five principal vanishing regions or points. It is not simply an ordinary rectilinear extension of three-point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is five-point perspective?
Five-point perspective is commonly associated with a very wide curvilinear or fisheye-type construction that represents directions over an approximately hemispherical field using five principal vanishing regions or points. It is not simply an ordinary rectilinear extension of three-point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is Fixed Perspective?
Any perspective image of a spatial scene/object that remains (largely) fixed in form (geometrical sense and probably by some kind of active image compensation) whilst related projection/observation mode factors are changed in a specific way.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 165
What is flat perspective?
Flattened perspective describes a representation in which depth recession is reduced, compressed or deliberately subordinated, so the image reads more strongly as a surface pattern or shallow space than as a deep central projection.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is flattened perspective?
Flattened perspective describes a representation in which depth recession is reduced, compressed or deliberately subordinated, so the image reads more strongly as a surface pattern or shallow space than as a deep central projection.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Flawed Perspective?
Flawed Perspective is a flawed perspective is an inaccurate, distorted, inconsistent, aberrated, falsely shaped, falsely scaled, or otherwise false perspective image or view of a spatial object or scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 166
What is Floating Perspective?
Common types of floating perspective are as follows:; Trompe-l'œil perspective phenomena: use of aerial perspective, forced perspective and exaggerated foreshortening etc, to create depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 167
What is Flower Perspective (A, B)?
Flower Perspective A: Making a perspective drawing/painting of a flower is notoriously difficult for an artist to achieve with spatial realism; likewise, flower/plant/tree structures can be difficult for the observer to perceive correctly in terms of layout, structure, plus direction/interrelation of a constellation of visual elements. This is partly because the flower/plant/tree perspective is complex or irregular, without any easily discernible perspective framework structures, such as a metric grid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 168
Does focal length change perspective?
From a fixed camera position, changing focal length changes field of view and image magnification but not the underlying perspective relationships among scene points. Perspective changes when camera position changes; in practice focal length and camera distance are often changed together, which is why the effects are easily confused.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
How does focal length affect perspective?
From a fixed camera position, changing focal length changes field of view and image magnification but not the underlying perspective relationships among scene points. Perspective changes when camera position changes; in practice focal length and camera distance are often changed together, which is why the effects are easily confused.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What focal length most closely resembles a normal human view?
There is no single focal length that reproduces human vision in every respect. A 'normal' lens is usually defined by image format and a moderate field of view, but human visual perspective also depends on binocular vision, eye movements and a much wider visual field. Matching perspective fundamentally requires matching viewpoint, not merely focal length.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Focal Length and Visual/Photographic Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95–150, 227–248
Why do you need to change your position rather than just focal length to affect perspective?
From a fixed camera position, changing focal length changes field of view and image magnification but not the underlying perspective relationships among scene points. Perspective changes when camera position changes; in practice focal length and camera distance are often changed together, which is why the effects are easily confused.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Focal Perspective?
Focal perspective has two Dictionary senses. In one, it is another name for central or linear perspective. In Fernande Saint-Martin’s terminology, it is a proxemic or close-range perspective in which the subject occupies most of the pictorial field, often leaving only a narrow peripheral background.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 168
What is Focussed Perspective?
Focussed Perspective refers to a geometrically organised central or linear perspective in which the representation is coordinated around a defined centre, focus or viewpoint. It belongs to the family of finite-viewpoint perspective systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Focussed Perspective entry
How does forced perspective work?
Forced perspective is a physical or photographic illusion created by arranging objects, people and viewpoint so their projected sizes and positions imply false scale or distance relationships. It works because the image can conceal the true three-dimensional arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Forced Perspective entry; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 73-78, 163-180
Is forced perspective an optical illusion?
Forced perspective is a physical or photographic illusion created by arranging objects, people and viewpoint so their projected sizes and positions imply false scale or distance relationships. It works because the image can conceal the true three-dimensional arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Forced Perspective entry; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 73-78, 163-180
What is forced perspective in photography, and how is it created?
Forced perspective photography creates an illusion by arranging camera viewpoint, object distances, scales and sometimes physical scene geometry so that projected sizes or spatial relationships are misleading. The camera records a physically constructed or staged perspective whose image suggests a different spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Forced Perspective and Photographic Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 73–88, 163–180
What is Forced Perspective Photography?
Forced-perspective photography deliberately arranges real objects, people, distances and camera position so that the projected image suggests false scale or spatial relationships. The illusion works because the photograph suppresses or overrides depth information that would reveal the actual arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Forced Perspective entry; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 73-78, 163-180
What is forced perspective?
Forced perspective is a physical or photographic illusion created by arranging objects, people and viewpoint so their projected sizes and positions imply false scale or distance relationships. It works because the image can conceal the true three-dimensional arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Forced Perspective entry; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 73-78, 163-180
Why does forced perspective work?
Forced perspective is a physical or photographic illusion created by arranging objects, people and viewpoint so their projected sizes and positions imply false scale or distance relationships. It works because the image can conceal the true three-dimensional arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Forced Perspective entry; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 73-78, 163-180
How is perspective different from foreshortening?
Foreshortening is one particular perspective effect: a length or form appears shortened when it is oriented obliquely to the viewing direction. Perspective is the wider system that also includes diminution, convergence, viewpoint, projection and many other effects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
Is foreshortening the same as perspective?
Foreshortening is one particular perspective effect: a length or form appears shortened when it is oriented obliquely to the viewing direction. Perspective is the wider system that also includes diminution, convergence, viewpoint, projection and many other effects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
Is perspective and foreshortening the same?
No. Foreshortening is one perspective phenomenon: the projected shortening of a line, plane or object viewed obliquely. Perspective is the much wider system that also includes viewpoint, diminution, convergence, scale and many other relationships.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is Foreshortening in perspective geometry?
Foreshortening is the apparent contraction of a line, surface or dimension when it is directed partly away from the viewer. Volume 1 distinguishes aspect foreshortening, caused by projection angle, from perspectival foreshortening associated with diminution through depth or distance. The two forms can occur together in the same view.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 32, 37, 43-45, 47, 57, 58, 69, 77, 78, 80, 81, 94, 96, 99, 107, 114, 117, 125, 130, 199, 229
What is foreshortening in perspective?
Foreshortening is the apparent contraction of a line, surface or dimension when it is directed partly away from the viewer. Volume 1 distinguishes aspect foreshortening, caused by projection angle, from perspectival foreshortening associated with diminution through depth or distance. The two forms can occur together in the same view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is foreshortening?
Foreshortening is the apparent contraction of a line, surface or dimension when it is directed partly away from the viewer. Volume 1 distinguishes aspect foreshortening, caused by projection angle, from perspectival foreshortening associated with diminution through depth or distance. The two forms can occur together in the same view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is the difference between perspective and foreshortening?
Foreshortening is one particular perspective effect: a length or form appears shortened when it is oriented obliquely to the viewing direction. Perspective is the wider system that also includes diminution, convergence, viewpoint, projection and many other effects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is Foreshortening Perspective?
Foreshortening Perspective refers to any perspective image or view in which a represented object or scene’s dimensions aligned along the depth direction are contracted in apparent size relative to dimensions in the relative orthogonal direction (lateral to picture plane).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 173
What is a four-point perspective?
Four-point perspective is a multi-point or curvilinear form used to represent a wider field than ordinary three-point rectilinear perspective. Different four-point systems exist, so the term should be interpreted according to the specific projection method being used.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is Four-Point Perspective?
Four-Point Perspective refers to perspective image that displays 4 vanishing points for a visual scene, being a subset of central, left/right, and up/down vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 174; Volume 1 2.1, p. 127
How does Fractional Measuring Point relate to perspective?
Fractional Measuring Point is a reduced length measuring point that is employed in place of an unattainable measuring point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 175
What is Fragmented Perspective?
1: Fragmented Perspective (1): Synonym for a Fragmented View (true / coherent global image) Type of perspective in which the image is fragmented, splintered, and/or segmented into multiple parts/ forms, or multiple reflections, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 175
What is Framed Perspective?
Framed Perspective refers to 1: Picture Frame: A perspective image with a fixed and defined boundary edge or shaped boundary.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 176
What role did Piero della Francesca play in the history of perspective?
Piero della Francesca [1412 - 1492] was an Italian painter renowned for his exceptional mastery of perspective, particularly his deep understanding and use of linear perspective in his paintings, which allowed him to create a highly realistic illusion of depth on a flat surface. He wrote a treatise on the subject titled "De Prospectiva Pingendi" (On Perspective in Painting), making him one of the first artists to formally document this technique.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 176
What is Free Perspective?
Free Form Shape Freeform Shape Feature (FSF) is a term primarily used in computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) to describe irregular, organic, or non-standard geometric shapes that are modelled, modi ed, or machined.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 177
What is Freehand Perspective?
Freehand Perspective is a type of non-technical perspective image created by an artist without following strict optical/geometrical rules.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 177
What is Freie Perspective?
Freie Perspective is a synonym for Free Perspective. It refers to a freer or less conventionally constrained perspective construction rather than to a new principal projection category.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 177
What is Frog’s Eye Perspective?
Frog’s Eye Perspective refers to sotto In Su. Image that is taken from a very low vantage point (looking upwards).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 177
What is Front Perspective?
Front Perspective refers to a frontal view or frontal perspective arrangement. In the Dictionary it is linked with central and linear perspective, where the scene or object is approached primarily from a front-facing direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 84, 177
What is Front Projection?
Image projection onto the front of an opaque screen which is used as a filming backdrop.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 178
What is Front/Frontal Perspective?
Front or Frontal Perspective is a view taken primarily along a frontal direction toward the subject. In graphical perspective, a principal face may lie parallel to the picture plane while recession is organised away from that frontal aspect.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Front/Frontal Perspective entry
What is Frontal Perspective?
Frontal Perspective is a particular orientation within this general unidirectional arrangement, normally facing the scene or a principal object plane directly.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 107
What is a frontal plane in perspective?
A frontal plane is a plane oriented parallel to the picture plane or approximately facing the observer. In linear perspective, shapes lying in a true frontal plane can retain their form without depth foreshortening, although their overall size depends on distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Full Scale Perspective Drawing?
Full Scale Perspective Drawing Refers to a life-size or one to one scale perspective drawing of a spatial scene/object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 179
G
What is Galaxy Perspective?
In astronomy, when a true circular galaxy is viewed from an angle (not face-on), the top and bottom are "squished" together, making it appear as an ellipse due to aspect foreshortening.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 180
What is Gall Projection?
The Gall projection, or Gall stereographic projection, is a cylindrical stereographic compromise projection with standard parallels at 45° north and 45° south.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 180
What is Gall-Peters Projection?
The Gall-Peters Projection is a cylindrical equal-area map projection. It preserves relative area at the expense of shape, producing characteristic north-south stretching or compression away from particular standard latitudes. It belongs to cartographic projection rather than pictorial central perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Gall-Peters / cylindrical projection entries
What is Gemma Frisius Astrolabe/Projection?
Gemma Frisius Astrolabe / Projection (Map; Globe / Sphere; Cartography) Gemma Frisius' astrolabes exhibit a universal projection that can be used at any latitude on Earth to map the sky and calculate time, position and other astronomical data.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 182
What is General Oblique Projection?
General Oblique Projection is an oblique projection is a drawing in which the observer is considered to be at in nity, and the plane of projection is parallel to the front surface of the object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 182
What is geometric perspective?
Geometrical perspective treats perspective as a projection and measurement problem. It uses points, lines, planes, centres of projection, picture planes, vanishing points and related constructions to model how spatial forms map into images.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Geometrical Perspective [A]?
Geometrical perspective is a type of artificial, mathematical, and graphical perspective representation that is created by following a specific set of construction rules, depending upon the geometrical subtype.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 184
What is Geometrical Primary Horizon Line in perspective geometry?
The Geometrical Primary Horizon Line is the principal geometrical vanishing line of the horizontal ground plane. It is formed where the observer's horizontal reference or horizon plane is represented on the picture plane and can contain vanishing points for horizontal spatial directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 198–206
What is geometrical vanishing?
Geometrical vanishing is vanishing defined by projection geometry: lines, planes or directions approach projective limits such as vanishing points or vanishing lines. It should be distinguished from optical vanishing caused by loss of visibility, resolution or contrast.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Geometrical Vanishing Limit in perspective geometry?
the geometrically determined limit towards which parallel lines, directions, planes or spatial forms appear to converge within a perspective projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 184
What is Geometry?
Geometry is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, shapes, sizes, positions and spaces.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 185
What is Geometry of vision in perspective geometry?
Geometry of vision is a key problem in perspective is identifying the underlying geometry that has produced a perspective image/view.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 238
What is geometry perspective?
Geometrical perspective treats perspective as a projection and measurement problem. It uses points, lines, planes, centres of projection, picture planes, vanishing points and related constructions to model how spatial forms map into images.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Gestalt Perspective?
Gestalt perspective is a concept that suggests humans perceive objects and situations as a whole, rather than as a collection of separate parts.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 186
Why do I get converging vertical lines even when using a normal perspective lens?
Verticals converge when the camera is tilted upward or downward so the vertical direction is no longer parallel to the image plane. A normal or distortion-free lens does not prevent this geometrical convergence; keeping the camera level or using shift can control it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What role did J.J. Gibson play in the history of perspective?
J. J. Gibson is important to the book's discussion of visual space and perception. Volume 1 notes his effort to relate the visual field and visual world to geometrical or object space, helping connect perspective geometry with the study of ecological and perceptual vision.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 41, 247
What role did James Gibson play in the history of perspective?
James Jerome Gibson (1904 – 1979) was an American psychologist who made important contributions to the field of visual perception. In his theory of ecological perception, Gibson emphasises the way that an active observer picks up information from the environment, and that visual space is defined by information (such as texture gradients) contained on environmental surfaces, and also that crucial information for perception is information that remains invariant as an observer moves through the environment.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 186
What is Glide Perspective?
Glide Perspective refers to type of artificial and parallel perspective projection in which the picture surface is allowed to (geometrically/ graphically) scan itself through object space, registering images along the way, forming 2-D scans of 3-D object space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 187
What is Global Perspective?
Global Perspective refers to in an overhead or bird’s-eye view, the observer or camera occupies a high position and looks downwards.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 187
What is Gnomonic Perspective/Projection?
Gnomonic Perspective/Projection is a glory is not the same as an ice-crystal halo or a rainbow Gnomonic Perspective / Projection (Globe; Sphere) A gnomonic projection, also named a central projection or rectilinear projection, is a perspective projection of a sphere, with the centre of projection at the sphere's centre, onto any plane not passing through the centre, most commonly a tangent plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 187
What is God's Perspective?
God's Perspective is a synonym for the ‘view from nowhere’ or the ‘point of view’ of no one in particular.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 187
What role did Ernst (Art Historian) Gombrich play in the history of perspective?
Sir Ernst Gombrich (1909–2001) was an Austrian-born art historian in the UK, known for his in uential works, including The Story of Art and Art and Illusion.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 188
What is Good Perspective/Good Projection?
Good Perspective / Good Projection (True / Accurate Perspective; Maps; Cartography) Refers to a perspective projection which represents a true or accurate geometric projection of a spatial object/ scene onto a perspective picture plane; whereby any distortions introduced are minimal, easily understood and accounted for, and/or said distortions can be worked around mathematically, perceptually, or even eliminated with the correct geometric transform (possibly by applying a type of reverse perspective procedure).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 188
What is a good way to learn perspective?
Start with simple boxes in one-point and two-point perspective. Learn eye level, station point, picture plane and vanishing directions first; then practise grids, repeated intervals, circles, rotations and simple interiors before moving to complex organic forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Gothic Perspective (literary form)?
Gothic perspective is a type of non-visual, symbolic, or literary perspective that surfaced during the Gothic age, from the mid-12th to the 16th century.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 188
What is Gott Projection?
Gott Projection refers to a modern world-map projection associated with J. Richard Gott and collaborators. It belongs to cartographic perspective and addresses the problem of representing the spherical Earth on a planar or specially arranged map surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Gott Projection entry
What is Gradient Perspective (all types)?
Gradient Perspective Refers to the gradient of (or structured changes to) the loss of perspective phenomena (any or all types) which operate as depth cues for a physical scene or a represented space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 189
What is Graphic Perspective?
Graphic Perspective is another name for Graphical Perspective: perspective produced by drawing, graphical construction or related representational methods rather than directly by natural optical image formation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Graphic/Graphical Perspective entries
What is graphical perspective?
Graphical perspective is artificial perspective produced by drawing or other graphical construction. It includes linear, parallel, curvilinear and other methods used to represent the projected appearance of spatial objects and scenes on a surface.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Graphical Space?
The term graphical space (artificial perspective sense or a perspective construction) is considered as the opposite of the optical space or visual perspective, whereby in this sense graphical space obeys, and is limited by, purely the projective rules of geometry as opposed to the rules of optics or visual perspective (retinal vision).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 189
What does marginal distortion mean in Graphical/Optical Perspective?
In this context, Graphical/Optical Perspective - marginal distortion refers to ) In rectilinear central projection onto a flat picture plane, equal objects at the same orthogonal depth but farther from the central axis undergo tangent mapping, which enlarges planar scale towards the margins.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 57
H
What happens to the horizon when you look up or down?
Looking up or down changes the direction of view and the orientation of the image or picture plane relative to the observer. The geometrical horizon remains tied to the horizontal eye plane, but its position within the image can move upward or downward and may fall outside the frame.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Haptic Perspective?
Haptic Perspective is a form of spatial information or perspective gained through touch, physical contact, pressure or force feedback.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 192
How has perspective developed in art history?
The history of perspective is not a straight progression toward one system. It includes ancient optical and geometrical ideas, medieval and non-Western spatial conventions, Renaissance linear perspective, optical instruments, photography, cinema, modern art and contemporary digital and immersive systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Hauck Perspective?
Hauck Perspective Refers to Guido Hauck's work on subjective perspective. Erwin Panofsky built on Hauck's work to conclude that perspectives based on a vanishing axis are a type of curvilinear perspective. Explanation; Subjective perspective: Guido Hauck's work on subjective perspective was a basis for Erwin Panofsky's subjective perspective investigations.; Curvilinear perspective: Panofsky concluded that perspectives based on a vanishing axis are a type of curvilinear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 192
What is Height in Visual Field Perspective?
Height in Visual Field Perspective is a depth cue that relies on perspective projection. For objects resting on a level ground plane below eye level, their bases appear progressively nearer the horizon line as their distance from the observer increases.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 192
What is Height Perspective?
Height Perspective concerns viewpoint or eye height relative to the ground plane and scene. Changing height changes the horizon's image position, which surfaces are visible and the apparent vertical organisation of the view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Height Perspective entry
What is height perspective in photography?
Height perspective in photography concerns the effect of camera height and elevation on the visible spatial arrangement. Raising or lowering the camera changes which surfaces are seen, the position of the horizon in the frame and the apparent relationships among foreground and background objects, even when focal length is unchanged.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Camera/Photographic Perspective and viewpoint entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137–150
What role did H Helmholtz play in the history of perspective?
Hermann von Helmholtz was a physicist and physician whose work on physiological optics, the eye, colour vision, spatial perception and theories of vision was highly influential. His Handbook of Physiological Optics helped connect geometrical optics with the study of human visual experience.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 193
What does the history of perspective encompass?
History of Perspective refers to perspective, in one form or another, has long been known and used, at least since the civilisations of ancient China, Egypt, Greece and Rome.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 194; Volume 1 2.1, p. 35, 37, 47, 55
What is the history of perspective?
The history of perspective is not a straight progression toward one system. It includes ancient optical and geometrical ideas, medieval and non-Western spatial conventions, Renaissance linear perspective, optical instruments, photography, cinema, modern art and contemporary digital and immersive systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is the history of perspective definition world?
The history of perspective is not a straight progression toward one system. It includes ancient optical and geometrical ideas, medieval and non-Western spatial conventions, Renaissance linear perspective, optical instruments, photography, cinema, modern art and contemporary digital and immersive systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What role did David Hockney play in the history of perspective?
In the 1980s-1990s, British artist David Hockney combined photography and painting, using photo-montages to create multiple viewpoints within a single photo-assembly, depictions that work somewhat like cubist art. In Hockney’s view, there is another idea involved here: linear perspective, he claimed, creates a wall between the viewer and the object represented. Whereas inverted perspective, according to Hockney, off ers a way to remove that wall and integrate both viewer and representation within the same space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 195; Volume 1 2.1, p. 40, 42
How is Hologram Mirror used in perspective or imaging?
As an aside the author (Alan Radley) has invented a new type of mirror, named the “Hologram Mirror”, that produces an image of the self/face which “ oats” in space in front of the mirror’s surface. Here, unlike with holograms, image occlusion effects are created, and the viewer obtains a strong and realistic impression of 3-D.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 196
Does the horizon have to be visible?
No. The geometrical horizon exists as a reference even indoors or when blocked by objects. A physical or optical horizon may be invisible, outside the frame or replaced by a constructed horizon line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How do I find the horizon line in a photograph?
In a photograph, identify sets of horizontal parallel lines in the scene and extend their image directions to their vanishing points. The line joining vanishing points for horizontal directions gives the geometrical horizon, even when the physical horizon itself is not visible.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Is the horizon line the same as eye level?
Eye height is the observer’s vertical height above the ground plane; the eye-level line is the horizontal line through the relevant eye plane in the image. In the standard level-view construction it coincides with the geometrical horizon, but the terms describe different concepts and should not be confused.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is the 'horizon line' and why is it important in perspective drawing?
In geometrical perspective, the horizon line is the vanishing line of the horizontal ground plane and planes parallel to it. It corresponds to the trace of the observer’s horizontal reference plane on the picture plane and contains the vanishing points of horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is the horizon line in perspective?
In geometrical perspective, the horizon line is the vanishing line of the horizontal ground plane and planes parallel to it. It corresponds to the trace of the observer’s horizontal reference plane on the picture plane and contains the vanishing points of horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Where is the horizon line indoors?
Indoors, the geometrical horizon still exists even though no distant physical horizon is visible. It is the trace of the horizontal eye plane on the picture plane and can be recovered from horizontal vanishing points or eye-level relationships.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Horizon Line, Local: Types A and B in perspective geometry?
Local Horizon Line Type A — Physical Eye-Plane Boundary: the trace of the observer’s horizontal eye plane upon nearby enclosing surfaces, such as an eye-level line imagined around the walls of a room. [2] Local Horizon Line Type A — Geometrical or Represented Form: the graphical equivalent of the local eyeplane boundary within a drawing, model or perspective construction. [3] Local Horizon Line Type B — Occlusion Boundary: a nearby frame, edge, surface or object that limits part of the observer’s visual field.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 204
What is Horizon Line, Optical in perspective geometry?
The directly observed or optically imaged boundary where the Earth, sea, landscape or another extended surface appears to meet the sky.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 204
What is Horizon Line, Osculating-Sphere in perspective geometry?
The apparent circular or curved horizon formed where sight lines from an observer are tangent to an osculating sphere: a sphere used to approximate a curved surface locally.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 205
What is Horizon Line, Primary/Principal: Types A, B and C in perspective geometry?
Horizon Line, Primary / Principal: Types A, B and C A classification of the principal horizon associated with a scene or perspective system. [1] Actual Primary Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type: the principal visible horizon directly observed within a physical scene. [2] Artificial Primary Horizon Line — Represented Type: the principal visible or geometrical horizon shown within a drawing, photograph, film, model or computer-generated image. [3] Geometrical Primary Horizon Line: the vanishing line of the horizontal ground plane and all planes parallel to it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 205
What is Horizon Line, Secondary/Auxiliary: Types A and B in perspective geometry?
Horizon Line, Secondary / Auxiliary: Types A and B [1] Physical or Optical Type: a subsidiary apparent boundary associated with an inclined surface, reflection, optical system, secondary spatial field or local visual boundary. [2] Geometrical Type: the vanishing line of an inclined, declined or oblique plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 205
What is Horizon Line, Tilted in perspective geometry?
Horizon Line, Secondary / Auxiliary: Types A and B [1] Physical or Optical Type: a subsidiary apparent boundary associated with an inclined surface, reflection, optical system, secondary spatial field or local visual boundary. [2] Geometrical Type: the vanishing line of an inclined, declined or oblique plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 205
What is Horizon Line, Transverse / Vertical: Types A and B in perspective geometry?
Horizon Line, Transverse / Vertical: Types A and B refers to physical or Optical Type: a vertically or transversely oriented apparent boundary or visual limit occurring within a physical or optically formed field. [2] Geometrical Type: the vanishing line of a vertical plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 206
What is Horizon Lines, Multiple in perspective geometry?
Horizon Lines, Multiple is a term for the several vanishing lines that may occur when a scene contains planes of different orientations, several independent perspective systems or several viewpoints.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 204
What is Horizon Sight Line in perspective geometry?
Horizon Sight Line (Horizontal Sight Line) A line of sight lying within the horizontal sight plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 206
Is the horizon where the sky meets the ground?
Not always. The visible sky-ground boundary is one physical or optical horizon, but the geometrical horizon in perspective is the vanishing line of the horizontal plane. It can exist when no sky-ground boundary is visible, including indoors.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What does an introduction mean for horizon?
In this context, Horizon - An Introduction refers to a horizon is an observed, calculated or represented boundary associated with the limit of an observer’s view across a surface or spatial field.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 196
What is Horizon — Types: Master Classification in perspective geometry?
Master Classification The following classification distinguishes established horizon terminology from new, extended or re ned terms used in this dictionary.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Horizon, Medium-Distance in perspective geometry?
Horizon, Medium-Distance is a visible boundary formed at an intermediate distance by the crest of a hill, mountain, inclined road, ridge or other raised terrain.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 201
What is Horizon-Line Isocephaly in perspective geometry?
Horizon-Line Isocephaly is a perspective application of isocephaly in which corresponding points upon figures of equal height, standing upon the same level ground plane, align along common receding construction lines.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 204
What is Horizontal (A, B) in perspective geometry?
Sight Plane; Horizontal Visual Plane; Sensible-Horizon Plane) The horizontal plane passing through the observer’s eye and perpendicular to the local vertical.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 206
What is Horizontal Datum in perspective geometry?
Horizontal Datum is an established level reference plane, surface or line from which heights, depths or elevations are measured.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 207
What is Horizontal Dial in perspective geometry?
Horizontal Dial refers to horizontal sundial: a sundial with a flat, horizontal dial plate.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 207
What is Horizontal Grid in perspective geometry?
Horizontal Grid is a regular or metric grid located upon a horizontal plane in object space or represented upon a horizontal ground plane in an image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 207
What does chief line mean for horizontal line (a)?
In this context, Horizontal Line (A) - Chief Line refers to — Chief Line (Historical Perspective Term) An older name for the horizon or eye-level line in a perspective construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 207
Do horizontal lines always go to the horizon?
No. Only horizontal line families that recede relative to the picture plane have finite vanishing points on the geometrical horizon. Horizontal lines parallel to the picture plane remain parallel in the image, while other horizontal directions vanish at different points along the horizon.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Horizontal Oblique View in perspective geometry?
Horizontal Oblique View is a view looking obliquely across a scene while extending broadly in the horizontal direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 208
What is Horizontal Perspective?
Horizontal Perspective is a form of level one-point perspective in which a principal set of mutually parallel horizontal lines recedes towards a central vanishing point upon the geometrical horizon line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 208
What is Horizontal Picture Plane in perspective geometry?
A Horizontal Picture Plane is a picture or projection plane oriented horizontally rather than vertically. It can be used for plan-like, upward- or downward-looking projection arrangements in which the receiving image surface is parallel to a horizontal reference plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Horizontal Picture Plane entry
What is Horizontal Plane [A] ( Eye/perspective projection)?
Horizontal Plane refers to any perspective image/view of a spatial scene that comprises a structural geometry that lies wholly, or partially, on a flat plane extending into the depth dimension relative to the observation point, being a plane that is perpendicular to the picture plane and/or the plane of observation (eye/camera). Classic one-point perspective employing a metric grid located on the ground plane is one example.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 208
What is Horizontal Vanishing Point in perspective geometry?
Horizontal Vanishing Point is a horizontal vanishing point is the vanishing point belonging to a set of mutually parallel horizontal lines.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 209
What is Horned Perspective?
Horned Perspective is a historical or alternative name for a two-point graphical perspective arrangement. It refers to the two separated vanishing directions that organise the receding sides of the represented form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Horned Perspective entry
What is human eye perspective?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
Does the human eye see in perspective?
Yes. The human eye receives optical projections of spatial reality, so visual experience includes perspective effects such as diminution, foreshortening and directional convergence. Human vision, however, is wider and more dynamic than a single fixed photographic or graphical projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Human Field of View (FOV) in visual perspective?
The human field of view (FOV) is the range of what a person can see with their eyes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 210
What is Human Perspective/Unaided Human Perspective?
Human Perspective / Unaided Human Perspective. << NEW / REFINED TERM >> Perspective formed or experienced through unaided human vision, without the voluntary use of optical, electronic or computational imaging equipment.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 210
What is Human vision and depth cues in visual perspective?
Human vision and depth cues refers to unfortunately, optics and vision research is now so complex that even fulltime researchers struggle to keep up, but much is known that appears close to certain, and even if ideas change/adapt, it’s still worth learning!
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 97
What is Hyperbolic Linear Perspective?
Hyperbolic Linear Perspective is a new type of perspective projection developed by Robert Hansen and described in his paper: “The Curving World: Hyperbolic Linear Perspective”, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 210
What is Hyperbolic Perspective?
Hyperbolic Perspective refers to type of non-Euclidean and mathematical perspective investigated by famous mathematician Donald Coxeter and artists M.C.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 210; Volume 1 2.1, p. 40
I
How do I draw people at different distances?
Place a common ground plane and eye level first. Use a scale figure or measuring line to establish one known height, then project its top and bottom toward the relevant vanishing point so equal-height people at greater depths receive progressively smaller projected heights.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
How do I draw repeated objects getting smaller?
Use a perspective grid, measuring points or diagonal subdivision to transfer equal real spacing into depth. Repeated objects should not simply be made smaller by guesswork; their positions and sizes should follow the same diminishing intervals produced by the chosen viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
What is Ideal Perspective?
Ideal Perspective is used in the Dictionary as another name for linear perspective. The term reflects the idealised geometrical model of rectilinear central projection rather than a claim that every real visual image exactly follows that model.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 212
What is Illusion (function of perspective)?
Illusion Refers to a basic function of perspective, which is to produce the illusion of viewing, or interacting with, a 3-D space for the observer.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 213
What is Illusion or Immersion Function as a perspective phenomenon?
Illusion or Immersion Function is a perspective function or goal that creates an impression of spatial depth, altered geometry, presence or immersion within an artificial, simulated or represented environment.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 214
How does Image Chain (Optical) relate to optical perspective?
Image Chain is a series of things/ processes involved in image formation, capture, display, processing, analysis and storage/ transmission, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 215
How does Image facets relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Image facets is relevant because so far, we have considered only the effects of changing the lens's focal length.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 211
How does Image Form relate to optical perspective?
Image Form is the resulting shape and appearance of a perspective image. The Dictionary distinguishes geometrical aspects—such as vanishing points, horizon structure, projected shape and foreshortening—from optical aspects such as light intensity, wavelength, colour and contrast.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 216
How does Image Form (optical aspects) relate to optical perspective?
Image Form in its optical aspects refers to the overall light-intensity, wavelength, colour and contrast characteristics of a perspective image or view. These optical facets can be transformed by intrinsic, extrinsic and environmental perspective phenomena, including aerial perspective and diminution of colour or contrast.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 216
How does Image formation relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Image formation is relevant because in this book, it falls within Visual Perspective Type 2, encompassing retinal and perceptual image formation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 11, 56, 71, 85, 99, 100, 104, 105, 235
What is Image Space in perspective geometry?
Image Space is the space in which the resulting image, view, model or representation is formed, located or perceived. It is distinct from object or target space and may be optical, visual, graphical, mathematical, instrument-generated or digital.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 216; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 81–90
What is Imaging or Viewing Perspective?
Imaging or Viewing Perspective is a process through which a spatial object, scene or existing image is directly viewed, or through which a new view or image is formed, captured or presented.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 217
What is imaging perspective?
Imaging perspective is perspective produced through an image-forming system, such as an eye, camera, scanner or computational imaging process. It concerns the transformation from spatial reality into an optical, photographic or digital image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Immersion (function of perspective)?
Immersion Refers to a basic function of perspective, which is to produce the illusion of being immersed in, or inside of, a 3-D space for the observer.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 217
How does Immersive Cinema relate to optical perspective?
Immersive Cinema uses imaging and projection to enlarge the viewer's sense of being inside the represented space. The Dictionary distinguishes stereoscopic systems and wide-field or panoramic systems, including Cinerama, IMAX, OMNIMAX and dome or spherical theatres that extend the field of view around the audience.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 217
What is Impossible Perspective?
Impossible Perspective Refers to any perspective view/image of a spatial reality that incorporates partially or wholly unreal visual/ optical/geometric elements, or else is unreal in some other sense.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 218
How does In-Camera World relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, In-Camera World is relevant because, practical special effects. In-Camera World Fifilming technique using live shots of both foreground and background scenery, including practical special effects and actual background scenes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 219
What is Inclined Isometric Perspective?
Representation of objects on an inclined (object) plane, using an axonometric or isometric paraline drawing technique, the same being objects or pictures shown at an inclined position.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 220
What is Inclined Picture Plane Perspective?
Perspective constructed upon an inclined picture plane. When the plane is inclined relative to all three principal sets of object directions, the result may take the form of three-point perspective. Inclined Plane Formation of a perspective image of an object plane that is positioned on an inclined plane relative to the ground plane (in contrast to the normal case of linear perspective, the object plane is not parallel to the ground plane).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 220
What is Inclined Picture Plane Projection?
Inclined Picture Plane Projection forms an image on a picture plane that is tilted relative to the usual vertical or frontal orientation. The tilt changes where spatial directions meet the plane and therefore alters the positions of vanishing points and the projected shapes of forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Inclined Picture Plane Projection entry
What is Indian Perspective?
Many traditions of Indian painting employ flattened or shallow spatial organisation, vertical placement, overlap, hierarchical scale and, in some cases, divergent or reverse-perspective effects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 220
What is Information visualisation in visual perspective?
World trees and Multi-view and VR/AR information Cosmograms; visual Social and cultural Information types; spatialisation; multi-time visualisation; Tree of relationships; global modelling; Visualisation biosphere representation; false Life; cognitive viewpoint and focus. ecological relations. modelling. perspective. media.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 572
What is Instrument Perspective?
Perspective produced, modi ed, measured or viewed through an instrument, including cameras, lenses, microscopes, telescopes, mirrors, projectors and surveying devices.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 222; Volume 1 2.1, p. 70
What is Instrument space in perspective geometry?
Virtual Space Note that the cinema viewer looks through a kind of intermediate target Instrument Space space (instrument projection space), being the real physical object/cinema Intermediate Target Space space right up to the screen, which is itself a natural optical space, and refers Physical Space to the enveloping target space of the human visual system (visual perspective), Optical Space through and into which, the layered spatial scene(s)/object(s) is/are observed.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 237, 238
What is Instruments (perspective)?
Instruments refers to instrument Perspective (views of natural and built worlds) concerns looking flat, capturing, and measuring reality; and projecting appearance(s).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 223
What is Interior Perspective?
Any view/image of a scene/object that enables the interior contents of said region of space to be viewed/ projected in an unobscured manner.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 223
What is Intermediary Perspective Drawing?
Intermediary Perspective Drawing Refers to a preliminary or computation-related construction made before, and used to assist in producing, a final perspective, architectural or mechanical drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 223
What is Intermediate Perspective?
Intermediate Perspective Refers to a perspective projection that exists in the middle of an optical image chain from target space to final image spaces.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 224
What is Intermediate space in perspective geometry?
Intermediate space refers to s the 3-D target space is a region of 3-D physical space, and is natural or Transitional contained inside, or consists of, physical reality—whereby this is the object Representations space that contains the spatial objects/scene under investigation. from Target to Image Space.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 237, 238
What is Intermediate Spatial Reality in perspective geometry?
Intermediate Spatial Reality is an intermediate representation or spatial state within a perspective image chain. It can function as the output of one perspective process and the target or object space for a subsequent process.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Intermediate Spatial Reality / Intermediate Space entries
What is Internal Perspective?
Internal Perspective Refers to any type of perspective view that reveals the internal contents of a normally obscured or hidden object, structure or region of space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 224
What are Intrinsic Factors?
Intrinsic Factors are perspective phenomena that arise from, or are inherent in, the operation of the perspective or viewing system itself. The Dictionary includes geometrical and perceptual facets such as parallax, retinal disparity, binocular image combination, depth cues and changes of projected form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Intrinsic Factors entry
Who invented perspective?
No single person invented all perspective. In Renaissance linear perspective, Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti published an influential geometrical description. Perspective methods also existed in many earlier cultures.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Inverse Perspective?
Inverse Perspective is another name for reverse or negative perspective. Instead of ordinary convergent recession, represented parallel directions can diverge with depth, producing a spatial organisation opposite to conventional central linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Inverse/Reverse/Negative Perspective entries
What is Inverse Perspective Transformation?
Inverse Perspective Transformation is a synonym for Inverse Perspective (2) in the Dictionary. It refers to an inverse or reverse transformation of perspective geometry rather than to the ordinary forward formation of a perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 226
What is Invisible Worlds?
Invisible Worlds refers to humans miss an in nity of sights, related to an object’s/scene’s structure/composition, because forms are too small/large, too far, too dim, too fast, or hidden within opaque material(s); and we are normally unaware of electromagnetic radiation outside the visible spectrum.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 227
What is Isometric Perspective?
Isometric Perspective is an isometric drawing is a two-dimensional pictorial representation in which the three principal axes are separated by 120 degrees and measurements are commonly laid off at an equal scale along those axes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 228
What is Isometric Projection?
Isometric Projection is an axonometric orthographic projection in which the three principal object axes are equally foreshortened and appear separated by equal angular intervals in the conventional drawing. Parallel lines remain parallel because the projection uses parallel rather than central projectors.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Isometric Projection entries
What is Isometric Projection System?
An isometric projection system is an axonometric orthographic projection in which the three principal object axes are equally inclined to the picture plane and equally foreshortened. Their projected directions are separated by 120 degrees. Unlike central perspective, parallel lines remain parallel rather than converging to finite vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 228
Why did it take so long to discover perspective?
Perspective was not suddenly “discovered” from nothing. Many earlier cultures represented depth, but a mathematically unified central system required developments in geometry, optics, measurement, artistic practice and a particular cultural interest in fixed-viewpoint representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Italian Perspective?
Italian Perspective is another historical name for linear perspective, reflecting the major development and codification of Renaissance central-perspective construction in Italy.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 228
J
What is James Polar Projection of a Globe?
The James Polar Projection is a geometrical map projection devised by Major-General Sir Henry James in 1860.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 229
What is Japanese Perspective?
Traditional Japanese perspective often employs forms of parallel or oblique projection rather than a single unified central-perspective construction. Buildings and spatial scenes may therefore retain parallel directions and combine viewpoints or spatial organisations that differ from conventional Western linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 229
What is Jumping Perspective?
Jumping Perspective is a type of multi-view perspective process/method in which two or more perspective images/views are created/viewed and then displayed in rapid succession, one after another.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 230
K
What role did Immanuel Kant play in the history of perspective?
In the process, perspective is found to be something more fundamental/ Re-Contextualisation profound than a convention, visual illusion, or a temporary fad. of Physical Reality Philosopher Immanuel Kant [1724–1804] recognised that perspective is Spatial Orientation key for spatial orientation. But on the other hand, perspective is also a Visual Maps / Models Conceptual Navigation tool for conceptual navigation: a way of finding where we are, and discovering who, what, how, and even why we are.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31
What role did Johannes Kepler play in the history of perspective?
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, and natural philosopher. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion and for his books Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, which influenced Isaac Newton and provided one of the foundations for his theory of universal gravitation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 231; Volume 1 2.1, p. 105
How do I know when to use which perspective?
Identify a perspective by examining the projection: which line families converge, whether lines remain parallel or curve, how the picture surface is treated, and whether the image is graphical, optical or another type. One-, two- and three-point labels describe only common rectilinear configurations.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
L
What is La Hire Astrolabe/Projection?
L La Hire Astrolabe / Projection (Maps; Cartography) Philippe de La Hire devised a universal astrolabe projection intended to reduce dependence on separate latitude-specific plates.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 232
What is La Perspective?
La Perspective is simply the French expression for perspective. In historical bibliographic and treatise titles it may therefore refer to the same broad subject that English sources call perspective rather than to a distinct projection system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 232
What is Lambert Projection?
Lambert Projection usually refers to one of Johann Heinrich Lambert's map projections. The Lambert azimuthal equal-area form is an azimuthal projection that preserves area while distorting shape increasingly away from the centre.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Lambert Projection entry
What is Lateral Distortion (of Linear Perspective) and Anamorphosis, Laws of Perspective (Simplified)?
Lateral Distortion (of Linear Perspective) and Anamorphosis Refers to the image of a (very wide-angle) form on a flat picture plane that is subject to extreme lateral stretching in such a way that if it is seen from the front, it makes no coherent sense (in human visual perceptive terms), while if it is viewed from a very shallow angle, the image is recti ed or restored in proportional terms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 233
How does Left Measuring Point relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Left Measuring Point is relevant because synonym for Measuring Point (located on left side of the central line).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 234
What is Left Station Point in perspective geometry?
A Left Station Point is simply a station point located on the left side of the relevant central or reference line in a perspective setup. Its function remains that of the station point: it represents the observer or projection-centre position from which the perspective geometry is constructed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 234
How does Lens (Assyria) relate to optical perspective?
The Assyrian lens refers to the polished rock-crystal object from Nimrud, dated to approximately 750–710 BCE and often called the Nimrud lens. It is relevant to the history of optics, although the Dictionary notes that the British Museum catalogues it as an inlay and that its practical optical use is uncertain.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 235
How does Lens (Camera) relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Lens is relevant because it is commonly an adjustable diaphragm, but its position varies according to the lens design.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 235
How does Lens (diverging) relate to optical perspective?
In this context, Lens Refers to a lens of negative power, often thinner in the middle than at the edges.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 236
What is Lens choice and perspective?
Lens choice and perspective refers to as you may have realised, professional camera lenses are often interchangeable, or swapped on and off a single camera body, for use in both still and motion picture photography.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 205
How did Leonardo da Vinci construct and use perspective?
Leonardo used geometrical perspective to organise spatial recession from a viewpoint, but his treatment of perspective was broader than a single construction. His studies also addressed optics, visual angles, diminution, atmospheric effects and the changing appearance of form, linking pictorial practice to observation and vision.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History and Theory chapters, pp. 35–62, 95–136
How is leonardo da vinci perspective used in art?
Leonardo da Vinci studied perspective as part of a broader investigation of geometry, optics, vision and pictorial representation. He used linear perspective while also analysing atmospheric change, diminution, shadows and other visual phenomena that affect spatial appearance.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is leonardo da vinci perspective?
Leonardo da Vinci studied perspective as part of a broader investigation of geometry, optics, vision and pictorial representation. He used linear perspective while also analysing atmospheric change, diminution, shadows and other visual phenomena that affect spatial appearance.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Leonardo da Vinci and perspective?
History of Perspective 55 History of Perspective Part C: Leonardo da Vinci ITALIAN artist, scientist, and inventor Leonardo da Vinci [1452-1519] developed a comprehensive theory of perspective that includes definitions, Leonardo da Vinci principles, and explanations remarkably modern in form.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 55-60
What is Levels of Abstraction?
Levels of Abstraction refers to perspective is how we humans, internally and externally, ‘spatialise’ reality; whether overtly recognised or not.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 241
What is Light and Shadow Projection?
Positive Light: When the sun is in front of the viewer, the light angle vanishing point is placed directly above or below the ground line vanishing point (90 degrees from the horizon line).; Negative Light: When the sun is behind the viewer, shadows project toward the horizon line. The light angle vanishing point still aligns with the ground line vanishing point, but the sun is positioned elsewhere on the hemisphere.; Light Angle Vanishing Point (LVP): This point determines the slant of the light rays.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 242
What is Lighting Perspective?
Lighting Perspective is the perspective effect or system associated with the spatial organisation, direction, intensity and projection of light. The Dictionary distinguishes several lighting-related forms because illumination can affect apparent form, depth, shadow, colour, contrast and the visibility of spatial structure.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 244
What is Limits of Exactness in Perspective?
Any class of visual/optical/technical perspective, either of the natural, visual (2nd type) or artificial class, has certain limits in terms of the exactness of the results obtained by the method employed, which may also include certain limitations in any instruments (including the human eye) that are used to capture a perspective image or view. We have explained these under the monikers: the Shape/Form Su ciency, the Scale / Shape / Form problem(s) of perspective, and diminution of form (1,2,3,4).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 245
What is Line of Projection?
A line of projection, or projector, is the straight line connecting the centre of projection or viewpoint to a point on the object being projected. The corresponding image point is established where that projector intersects the picture or projection plane. In optical contexts the analogous line may be described as a visual or light ray.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 245
What is Linear and Rhythmic Perspective (photographic)?
Linear and Rhythmic Perspective is an artist/painter/photographer has many different techniques for organising or composing visual elements within a scene; including the use of linear perspective and so-called rhythmic perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 246
What does semiology mean in Linear or Central Perspective?
In the semiological classification associated with Fernande Saint-Martin, linear or central perspective is treated as a far-distance spatial organisation. The term places conventional linear perspective within a wider classification that also distinguishes proxemic or nearby and intermediary or mixed forms of pictorial space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 246
How did Leonardo da Vinci use linear perspective?
Leonardo da Vinci used linear perspective as part of a wider study of geometry, optics and vision. He worked with converging directions, horizon and viewpoint relationships while also analysing aerial perspective, diminution, visual angles and other effects that a single geometrical construction does not fully describe.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History and Theory chapters, pp. 35–62, 95–136
How do you draw curvilinear perspective?
Start with the viewing field and the curvilinear projection you intend to use, then establish its principal axes and vanishing structure. Straight spatial lines are mapped as curves according to that projection, so use a corresponding curvilinear grid rather than applying ordinary straight-line vanishing rules.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
How do you draw linear perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How does linear perspective create depth?
Linear perspective creates depth by projecting a three-dimensional scene from a fixed centre onto a plane. Distant forms diminish, receding parallel directions converge and surfaces foreshorten in a systematic geometrical relationship to the viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
How does linear perspective function in visual perception?
In visual perception, linear perspective acts as a monocular depth cue: parallel spatial directions can project as converging image directions, while repeated forms diminish with distance. The visual system can use these regularities as information about spatial recession even when viewing a flat picture.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual Perspective and Linear Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95–136
How does linear perspective work?
Linear perspective creates depth by projecting a three-dimensional scene from a fixed centre onto a plane. Distant forms diminish, receding parallel directions converge and surfaces foreshorten in a systematic geometrical relationship to the viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
How is aerial perspective different from linear perspective?
Linear perspective describes geometrical projection effects such as convergence, diminution and foreshortening. Atmospheric or aerial perspective describes optical changes caused by the intervening atmosphere, especially reductions in contrast, clarity and colour distinction with distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Aerial/Atmospheric Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 55-60, 112
How is linear perspective used in art?
Artists use linear perspective to organise a coherent spatial projection from a chosen viewpoint. Vanishing directions, diminution, foreshortening and measured recession can be coordinated so that depicted objects and architecture occupy a consistent pictorial space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Linear Perspective and Perspective Method entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107–127
How is linear perspective used in photography?
Photography naturally produces central perspective. Architectural lines and other parallel directions can therefore show the same convergence, diminution and vanishing-point relationships that linear perspective describes geometrically.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
Is linear perspective a monocular cue?
Linear perspective is principally a monocular pictorial depth cue: its convergence and diminution can be read with one eye from a single image. Binocular vision adds other depth information, especially at close range, but is not required for the graphical cue to operate.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
Is linear perspective monocular or binocular?
Linear perspective is principally a monocular pictorial depth cue: its convergence and diminution can be read with one eye from a single image. Binocular vision adds other depth information, especially at close range, but is not required for the graphical cue to operate.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What are examples of linear perspective in art?
Linear perspective appears throughout Renaissance and later Western art wherever receding architecture, streets, interiors or other parallel line systems are organised toward vanishing points. Typical examples include tiled floors, colonnades, rooms and urban scenes constructed from one or more finite vanishing directions.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 35–62, 107–127
What are examples of linear perspective?
Typical examples include a road or corridor receding to one principal vanishing point, a building corner using two horizontal vanishing points, and a tall building viewed steeply upward with a third vertical vanishing point. Renaissance architectural paintings provide many historical examples.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What are the types of linear perspective?
The common rectilinear types are one-point, two-point and three-point perspective, distinguished by how the principal object directions relate to the picture plane. The broader Dictionary also records many historical, technical and variant forms related to central projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is a linear perspective?
Linear perspective is a central-projection system in which spatial points and lines are projected from a fixed viewpoint onto a picture plane. Receding parallel directions can converge toward vanishing points, producing systematic diminution and foreshortening that represent depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is curvilinear perspective and, how can it be adopted as an exact geometrical application?
Curvilinear perspective represents a wide field by mapping many straight spatial directions as curves rather than forcing them onto one flat rectilinear grid. Different curvilinear systems, including cylindrical, spherical and fisheye-like projections, obey different exact mappings.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is curvilinear perspective for?
Curvilinear perspective represents a wide field by mapping many straight spatial directions as curves rather than forcing them onto one flat rectilinear grid. Different curvilinear systems, including cylindrical, spherical and fisheye-like projections, obey different exact mappings.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is linear perspective art?
Linear perspective is a central-projection system in which spatial points and lines are projected from a fixed viewpoint onto a picture plane. Receding parallel directions can converge toward vanishing points, producing systematic diminution and foreshortening that represent depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is linear perspective def?
Linear perspective is a central-projection system in which spatial points and lines are projected from a fixed viewpoint onto a picture plane. Receding parallel directions can converge toward vanishing points, producing systematic diminution and foreshortening that represent depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is linear perspective depth cue?
Linear perspective is a central-projection system in which spatial points and lines are projected from a fixed viewpoint onto a picture plane. Receding parallel directions can converge toward vanishing points, producing systematic diminution and foreshortening that represent depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is linear perspective image?
Linear perspective is a central-projection system in which spatial points and lines are projected from a fixed viewpoint onto a picture plane. Receding parallel directions can converge toward vanishing points, producing systematic diminution and foreshortening that represent depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is linear perspective in photography?
In photography, linear perspective is the pattern of apparent convergence and diminution created when a three-dimensional scene is projected from the camera viewpoint onto a flat image. It is determined by viewpoint geometry; the camera records rather than invents the underlying central-projection relationships.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Linear/Photographic Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107–127, 137–150
What is linear perspective simple?
Linear perspective is a central-projection system in which spatial points and lines are projected from a fixed viewpoint onto a picture plane. Receding parallel directions can converge toward vanishing points, producing systematic diminution and foreshortening that represent depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is linear perspective?
Linear perspective is a central-projection system in which spatial points and lines are projected from a fixed viewpoint onto a picture plane. Receding parallel directions can converge toward vanishing points, producing systematic diminution and foreshortening that represent depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is non-linear perspective?
Non-linear perspective is a broad description for perspective systems that do not follow the ordinary straight-line, flat-picture-plane geometry of rectilinear linear perspective. It can include curvilinear, spherical, multi-view, distorted or other mappings in which spatial directions are represented differently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curvilinear/Spherical and alternative Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126–135
What is rectilinear perspective in photography?
Rectilinear perspective in photography is produced by a rectilinear lens or equivalent projection that maps straight spatial lines as straight image lines, apart from lens aberration. Very wide rectilinear fields can strongly stretch forms near the image edges even though straight lines remain straight.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Rectilinear/Wide-Angle/Photographic Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126–150
When should I use curvilinear perspective?
Curvilinear perspective represents a wide field by mapping many straight spatial directions as curves rather than forcing them onto one flat rectilinear grid. Different curvilinear systems, including cylindrical, spherical and fisheye-like projections, obey different exact mappings.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
When was linear perspective invented?
Systematic Renaissance linear perspective emerged in early fifteenth-century Italy, especially through Brunelleschi’s experiments and Alberti’s later written formulation. Perspective itself is much older: earlier cultures used many spatial and projective conventions long before the Renaissance.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Who developed linear perspective?
Renaissance linear perspective developed through several contributors rather than one isolated invention. Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti gave the method an influential written geometrical formulation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Who invented linear perspective?
Renaissance linear perspective developed through several contributors rather than one isolated invention. Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti gave the method an influential written geometrical formulation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What does 1-2-3 point mean in linear perspective?
The expression '1-2-3 point' in linear perspective refers collectively to one-point, two-point and three-point perspective. These are central-projection forms distinguished by how many principal sets of mutually perpendicular object directions have finite vanishing points in the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 250; One-/Two-/Three-Point Perspective entries
What does 3 kinds mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - 3 kinds refers to there are 3 kinds of linear perspective:; Graphical/Artificial Linear Perspective: when we construct a drawing of a spatial object/scene according to one-, two- or three-point perspective.; Visual/Natural/Optical Linear Perspective: when we look at or capture with an optical instrument, a spatial object/scene with a particular type of object space such as a metric grid, which is then projected according to the appearance rules of one-, two- or three-point perspective (for example).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 248
What does 3 modes/choices mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - 3 modes/choices refers to the type of linear perspective an artist uses depends on the viewer's vantage point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 248
What does basic classes drawing methods mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - basic classes Drawing Methods refers to drawing Methods [A, B] (Graphical Perspective) A: Central Drawing Method: orthogonal lines producing the principal vanishing point The art of drawing upon a plane surface the resemblance of the outlines of objects when viewed from a particular station point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 249
What does basic types mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - basic types refers to the simplest form of linear perspective is parallel or one-point perspective, in which the principal lines of the picture are either parallel or perpendicular to the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 249
What does category mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - Category refers to linear perspective can be considered a category or system of producing an artificial/graphical perspective image or view (a representation) of a spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 249
What does construction - rotated eye mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - Construction - Rotated Eye refers to graphical construction with a "rotated eye" refers to drawing techniques that map a 3-D scene onto a 2-D plane; whereby the viewer is looking at a side-elevation and/or plan view, before mapping spatial points to a front elevation or perspective view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 250
What does crisis of mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - crisis of refers to leonardo da Vinci denied that distinct outlines existed in nature (at least without precedent), first denying (linear perspective) outlines in theory and then moving to aerial perspective, with its dual aspect of colour and diminishing clarity of vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 249
What does dürer’s mistakes of perspective in his st jerome artwork, - form mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - Dürer’s mistakes of perspective in his St Jerome artwork, - Form refers to in practice by enhancing his paintings with atmospheric effects, including softness of focus and haziness that increase with distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 249
What does general classes mean in linear perspective?
The Dictionary records a number of general classes of linear-perspective construction, including methods based on visual rays, principal points, distance points, lateral or accidental vanishing points, vanishing lines, three-point constructions, measuring or proportional methods, analytic methods and mechanical devices.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 247
What does hole in the wall mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - Hole in the Wall refers to a linear-perspective painting hung on a wall may appear like a view through a window, with the depicted space seeming to extend beyond the wall and creating the impression of a hole in it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 250
What does leonardo mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - Leonardo refers to a: Leonardo’s ordinary type of perspective Leonardo da Vinci’s "ordinary" type of perspective, which he used to create realistic three-dimensional scenes, was a highly developed form of linear perspective, often enhanced by aerial (atmospheric) perspective and sfumato.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 248
What does type a: horizontal centre of vision (2 ) mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - Type A: Horizontal Centre of Vision refers to ) (Visual Perspective (2nd type); Linear Perspective) Refers to a linear perspective graphical construction according to the classic method of Alberti.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 250
What does type b: inclined centre of vision (2 ) mean in linear perspective?
In this context, Linear Perspective - Type B: Inclined Centre of Vision refers to ) (Visual Perspective (2nd type); Linear Perspective) Here the centre of vision (2), or direction of vision, is inclined upward or downward.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 250
What is Linear Projection Rays?
Linear Projection Rays Refers to the use of straight or linear projection rays whilst making a 2-D representation of a spatial scene or object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 250
What is a linear-perspective illusion?
A linear-perspective illusion occurs when convergence, diminution, foreshortening and related pictorial cues make a flat image appear to contain depth. The image surface remains two-dimensional; the perceived recession is an effect of the projected geometry and the viewer's interpretation of it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Illusion and Linear Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 163–180
What are lines perpendicular to picture plane in perspective geometry?
In central or linear perspective, a family of object-space lines perpendicular to the picture plane recedes directly away from the viewer. Their projected images therefore converge toward the central or primary vanishing point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 251
What is Local Horizon Type A — Physical Eye-Plane Boundary in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Local Horizon Type B — Geometrical or Represented Form in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Local Horizon Type C — Occlusion Boundary in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Local Perspective?
Local perspective refers to a perspective view or image associated with a particular location and a particular time or viewing condition. Its appearance can therefore depend on local spatial arrangement, direction, illumination, season, time of day and other conditions present when the scene is observed or represented.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 251
What is Long Perspective?
Long Perspective is perspective associated with a long-focal-length lens or a distant viewpoint. The resulting narrow field often appears to compress depth because distant spatial layers are seen from a relatively similar direction and are enlarged within the frame.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Long Perspective entry
What is Looking At/In Perspective?
Looking At / In Perspective Looking-in or looking-at perspective uses an eye/camera/representation to explore close-up/narrow- field perspective images of a spatial object/area; whereby the viewpoint (real or virtual viewpoint), angle-of-view, and field of view are all fixed for each image snapshot/frame/picture (aperture or oculus takes fixed snapshot). Next, it is possible to move around (or revolve around) the object, and so to explore the same from multiple viewpoints, viewing positions/directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 251
What is Looking Out/Up/Around Perspective?
Looking Out / Up / Around Perspective Looking-out/around perspective uses an eye/camera/representation to explore distant, wide-angle, multiangular, or multi-view images of a panoramic or complete spherical spatial scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 252
What is Lopsided Perspective?
Lopsided perspective is a perspective view or image taken with a slanted or angled sight line relative to the ground plane, or with the view angled unusually relative to the object of attention. The resulting spatial organisation can therefore appear deliberately off-balance or tilted.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 252
M
What is Machine Perspective?
In the case of machine perspective drawing (a type of engineering or technical drawing), individual parts (of a machine or mechanical device) can be isolated, represented, indexed, and measured, and at the same time related back to the whole.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 254
How can I make the logo perspective propotional?
In graphic design, first decide whether the form should obey a real spatial projection or a stylised one. Establish a consistent viewpoint and vanishing structure, construct the underlying plane or box, and transform lettering or logos within that geometry so scale and angles remain coherent.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Manifold Perspective?
Manifold perspective refers to perspective situations in which several views or optical images coexist or overlap. Transparent windows, mirrors and reflective surfaces can, for example, combine a transmitted view with reflected images along the same line of sight, producing a layered or multiply related perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 256
How many points of perspective are there?
There is no fixed maximum number of perspective points. One-, two- and three-point perspective are common rectilinear constructions, while multi-point, curvilinear and other systems can employ more vanishing points or continuous vanishing structures.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How many types of perspective?
There is no authoritative list of only three or four types. The Dictionary identifies about 1,200 named types and forms spanning natural, visual, optical, graphical, mathematical, technical, photographic, curvilinear, parallel, simulated and many specialist systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
How many types of perspective are there?
There is no authoritative list of only three or four types. The Dictionary identifies about 1,200 named types and forms spanning natural, visual, optical, graphical, mathematical, technical, photographic, curvilinear, parallel, simulated and many specialist systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Marine/Sea Drawing Perspective?
Marine or Sea Drawing Perspective concerns perspective methods used for maritime scenes and open-water spatial environments. The Dictionary routes it to naval perspective and related treatments of the sea, open space and clouds, where ordinary ground-plane references may be weak or absent.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 257
What is Match (function of perspective)?
Match refers to one of the fundamental functions of perspective, whereby a method like linear perspective rationalises vision by prescribing, segmenting, ordering, indexing, gauging, and ultimately matching or measuring physical space against known measuring scales (shape/outline and size/ proportion).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 258
What is Mathematical Projection?
Mathematical Projection is a mapping that sends points of an object or space to corresponding points on an image plane or other target space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 259
What is Mathematically Equivalent Perspective(s)?
Mathematically Equivalent Perspective Refers to the mathematical equivalence (or not) of different types/forms of optical perspective projection, or method/system and/or perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 259
What do you mean by perspective?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is meaning of perspective?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is the meaning of perspectives?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is the meaning perspective?
Perspective means a viewpoint or a system for seeing or representing spatial relationships. In the technical sense used by the PRC, it includes natural vision, optical projection, graphical construction and many other ways in which spatial reality is transformed into a view or image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is meant by a normal-view perspective?
A normal-view perspective is a view intended to approximate an ordinary, non-extreme field and viewing condition rather than a very wide-angle, telephoto, bird's-eye or worm's-eye effect. It is not one uniquely fixed optical geometry: the apparent result depends on viewpoint, field of view, display size and viewing distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective and Field of View entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95–136
What is meant by perspective in spatial representation?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
How Do You Measure Depth in Perspective?
Use true-length or measuring lines together with vanishing points, distance/measuring points, diagonals or a perspective grid. Diagonals locate centres and subdivisions, while measured intervals can be transferred into depth so equal real distances diminish consistently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
What is Measured Perspective?
Measured perspective is any perspective method or system intended to support accurate dimensional measurement or spatial indexing. It may refer to a realistically scaled perspective view from which positions, sizes or other dimensions can be estimated, or to linear perspective as an approximately unified image space. Its accuracy remains limited by projection geometry, scale and resolution.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 260
How does Measuring Point relate to perspective?
A measuring point is an auxiliary construction point used in linear perspective to transfer true or scaled distances onto receding lines. Together with a measuring line and the appropriate vanishing point, it allows equal or known intervals in object space to be placed at their correctly foreshortened positions in the perspective drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 261
How does Measuring Point (Left) relate to perspective?
Measuring Point is a measuring point located on the left-hand side of the centre of vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 262
How does Measuring Point (Original) relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Measuring Point is relevant because 1: A measuring point found in the picture plane on the ground line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 262
How does Measuring Point (Right) relate to perspective?
Measuring Point is a measuring point located on the right-hand side of the centre of vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 262
How does Measuring Point (Vertical) relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Measuring Point is relevant because to measure height vertically, in a one-point perspective projection, turn the (horizontal) measuring line 90 degrees.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 262
How does Measuring Point Method relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Measuring Point Method is relevant because synonym for: Measuring in perspective (procedure).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 262
What is Measuring Point Perspective?
Measuring Point Perspective Refers to use of measuring points to make perspective measurements into the depth dimension (for foreshortened or apparent line lengths).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 262
What is media perspective?
Media perspective is a broad label for perspective as produced, transformed or communicated through a medium. Depending on context this can include photography, cinema, digital imaging, computer graphics, virtual reality and other New Media systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
How does Medical imaging relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Medical imaging is relevant because medical imaging is the process of imaging the exterior or interior of the human body for medical investigation, or visual representation of the status and functions of organs and tissues.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 159
What is Medium-Distance Horizon in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Memory Perspective?
Memory perspective is a synonym for mental or imaginary perspective: a perspective view or spatial representation formed from remembered or imagined visual information rather than captured directly from the scene at the time of viewing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 263
What is Mental Perspective?
Mental Perspective is routed by the Dictionary to Imaginary Perspective. It concerns perspective as mentally imagined or internally represented rather than a view produced solely by direct optical projection or a physical camera.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 264
What is Mercator Perspective?
The Mercator projection is a conformal cylindrical map projection first presented by Flemish mapmaker Gerardus Mercator in 1569.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 264
What is Meta Perspective?
Meta Perspective (1): Flat surface sheye or spherical perspective. A type of sheye perspective being a circular image in which all straight lines appear curved except those passing through the central point. Involves taking an image in spherical perspective and mathematically transforming it so that it covers a flat surface - a process David Chelsea calls meta-perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 265
What is Metaview Perspective?
Metaview Perspective means a 'big-picture' or elevated perspective. The Dictionary links it with meta-perspective and aerial or flying viewpoints that allow a larger spatial field or system to be considered at once.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 266
How does Microscope (optical) relate to optical perspective?
An optical microscope extends perspective beyond unaided vision by using lenses to form an enlarged optical image of very small objects. Within the PRC framework it is an instrument-perspective system: it changes projection scale and visible detail, making forms accessible at scales that ordinary vision cannot resolve.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 268
What is Military Perspective?
In the military projection, the x-y angle is 90°, indicating the xy-plane is unskewed but rotated 45°.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 269
How is Mirror (Anamorphic) used in perspective or imaging?
An anamorphic mirror is a deliberately shaped mirror that transforms image proportions unequally, producing an anamorphic distortion in which magnification differs by direction. A cylindrical or otherwise non-planar mirror can, for example, stretch an image more strongly in one dimension than another.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 270
What is Mirror (cat’s eyes) in visual perspective?
Mirror refers to cat's eyes on roads are reflective studs, a British invention by Percy Shaw, that improve nighttime and poor weather visibility by reflecting vehicle headlights, guiding drivers along lanes and marking road edges.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 270
What is Mirror Ball Perspective?
Metal ball type Images or views formed by reflection from a metal ball or polished mirror ball, which tend to exhibit extreme perspective distortions similar to the geometry of spherical perspective images (often with 5 vanishing points seen from a single station point).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 271
What is Mixed Perspective?
Mixed Perspective is a combination of image and projection perspective types, in particular a physical interaction between them, includes a cinema projector, hologram and a Virtual Reality system, in which a projector produces an image in the real world environment.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 272; Volume 1 2.1, p. 85, 142, 153, 167, 171, 178, 189, 228, 232, 234, 236-238, 242, 246, 248, 249, 258
What is Mixed Projection Perspective?
Mixed Projection Perspective refers to any combination or mixture of different kinds of perspective projection within the same vista, for example display of a central perspective projection of a cityscape (e.g. an aerial photograph) with also an overlaid parallel representation, or map view of the city, being an artificial perspective plan/elevation drawing in the same visual image of display - and which helps the viewer interpret or understand said photograph.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 272
What is Mobile Perspective?
Mobile Perspective refers to refers either to a sequence of perspective images/views of a spatial scene taken from different viewpoints (snapshots taken at different times), or a motion perspective image/view in which a moving eye/camera captures a changing aspect image of the object/scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 273
What is modern perspective?
Modern perspective extends far beyond Renaissance linear drawing. Volume 1 traces perspective through photography, cinema, scientific imaging, computer graphics, digital media, virtual and augmented reality and other systems in which spatial reality is captured, calculated, projected, transformed or interactively explored.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 181–226
What is Modular Perspective?
Modular Perspective is a type of graphical perspective in which the scene/ object is split into regular-shaped/sized geometric blocks that enable segmentation, measurement, and rapid depiction of perspective distortions, due to the working shortcuts that result from not having to perform complex perspective calculations/drawings.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 273
What is Monocular Depth Perception in visual perspective?
Monocular Depth Perception is the perception of depth using information available to one eye. It relies on cues such as occlusion, diminution, perspective convergence, texture and atmospheric effects rather than binocular disparity.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Monocular Depth Perception entry; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95–136
What is Montage Perspective?
Montage Perspective refers to cinema or television technique in which multiple images/views of a spatial scene/ object are overlaid either in space or rapidly compacted/sequenced in time; whereby (for example) 4 images of a scene are displayed simultaneously within the same viewing frame or projected image frame.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 275
What is Motif Perspective?
Motif Perspective Refers to a small iconic representation of a perspective method, which is simplified in form and often consists of (apparent) converging parallel lines, and is sometimes displayed at the front of a perspective book or treatise.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 276
What is Motion parallax in visual perspective?
Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue produced when the viewpoint moves. Objects at different distances shift by different apparent amounts and at different apparent rates across the visual field; nearer objects generally show greater relative displacement than more distant ones. This change helps the visual system interpret spatial depth.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 96, 98
What is Motion Perspective?
Motion Perspective Refers to observation/representation of motion factors within a perspective image/view, related to the motion of either eye/camera (viewpoint), or moving object(s) and/or moving scene elements.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 277
What is Moulding Perspective?
Moulding Perspective Refers to a class of visual perspective in which direct contact with a spatial object/ scene enables a ‘casting’; or impression of the 3-D form of said thing to be captured.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 277
What is Movie Camera Perspective?
Movie Camera Perspective refers to multiple types of perspective shots are possible to aid the making of cinematic features, including: establishing shot, close-up shot, extreme close-up, dolly shot, wide-angle shot, extreme wide-angle shot, long shot, medium shot, following shot, montage shot, panning shot, pedestal shot, short shot, tilting shot, tracking shot, and zoom shot.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 277
What is MRI Perspective?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) employs strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed internal images of the human body while the subject lies within a large scanner.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 278
What is Multi-Angular Perspective?
Multi-Angular Perspective is a 1-D/2-D/3-D image/view/measurement/calculation of a spatial scene/object captured (or viewed) from multiple viewing angles, using either a monocular or binocular method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 278
What is Multi-Directional Perspective?
Multi-directional perspective is any perspective image/view in which the spatial scene is captured, projected, or viewed, from multiple optical lines-of-sight, aspects, angle(s)-of-vision, or viewing direction(s); whereby each view is taken from the same, or else a different station point, but is viewed along a different line-of-sight. The resultant multi-view perspective is (often) combined into a single image space and projected (for example) onto the internal or external surface of a sphere (sphere of vision - looking-around;.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 278
What is Multi-point Perspective?
Within a spatial reality (depicted in a drawing/computer- Horizon Line graphic), we can have many more vanishing points or multi-point perspective, and even unlimited vanishing-point linear perspective (automatically Number of employed in CGI).
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 111
What is Multi-Point Perspective (Linear Perspective)?
Multi-Point Perspective refers to in linear perspective, systems are commonly classified by the number of principal vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 280
What is Multi-Scale Perspective?
Multi-Scale Perspective is a multi-scale perspective occurs when the optical magnification or projection scale is increased or decreased.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 280, 412; Volume 1 2.1, p. 71, 140, 161
What is Multiple Cone of Vision Perspective?
Multiple Cone of Vision Perspective Refers to a type of multi-view perspective system that can look, observe, or capture views/images of spatial scene from multiple primary viewing-angles simultaneously, and by use of a multi-ocular, or multi-directional, viewing system that samples two separate visual cones/pyramids.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 282
What is Multiple Horizon Lines in perspective geometry?
Optical and Geometrical Vanishing Concepts [30] Geometrical Vanishing Limit — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the projective limit towards which lines, directions, planes or spatial forms geometrically converge. [31] Optical Horizon Line — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the directly observed or optically imaged boundary where an extended surface appears to meet the sky. [32] Optical Vanishing Limit — << NEW TERM >>: the resolution-dependent limit at which a speci ed object, line, pattern or detail ceases to be distinguishable.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 198
What is Multiple Lens/Eye Perspective?
Multiple Lens / Eye Perspective See multi-ocular perspective. See compound and non-compounds eyes. Multiple Perspective See multi-view perspective (1, 2, 3, 4).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 282
What is Multiple Perspective?
Multiperspectivity (Symbolic / Literal Perspective) Use of symbolic/literal perspective as a way of representing or narrating something from multiple perspectives (several first-person perspectives).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 282
What is Multiview Drawing Perspective?
Multiview Drawing Perspective is another name for orthographic multi-view drawing using coordinated plans, elevations or related views. It represents an object through several parallel-projection views rather than a single finite-viewpoint pictorial perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 283
What is Multiview Projection?
Multiview Projection is another name for Multiview Drawing Perspective. In the Dictionary it is linked with orthographic plan and elevation systems that show an object through several coordinated views rather than one finite-viewpoint perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 283
What is Murdoch’s First Projection?
Murdoch Projection 1: A conic projection: applicable only for coordinates that are referenced to a sphere.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 283
What is Murdoch’s Second Projection?
Murdoch's Second Projection is a conic cartographic projection. It belongs to forward and inverse spherical map-projection methods, converting positions on the sphere to a conic planar representation rather than modelling a finite-viewpoint pictorial perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Murdoch Projection entry
What is Murdoch’s Third Projection?
Murdoch Projection 3: Minimum Error Conic Projection This is an equidistant projection that has minimum geometric errors.; Meridians: Equally spaced straight lines converging at one of the poles.; Parallels: Equally spaced concentric circular arcs.; Poles: Arcs, one of which might become a point in the limit.; Symmetry: About any meridian.; Limitations: Longitude data greater than 135º east or west of the central meridian is trimmed Scale is true along any meridian and is constant along any parallel.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 283
What role did Eadweard Muybridge play in the history of perspective?
Eadweard Muybridge was a nineteenth-century photographer whose sequential photographic studies of motion became important to the development of motion analysis and early moving-image technologies. His work connects photography, changing viewpoints through time and the later development of cinema.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 283; Volume 1 2.1, historical imaging discussion
N
What is Narrow Field Perspective?
Narrow Field Perspective Refers to any perspective image/view of a spatial scene covering a relatively narrow field of view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 284
What is natural perspective?
Natural perspective concerns perspective as it occurs in physical and visual reality rather than as an artificial drawing method. It includes the optical and visual relationships through which spatial scenes are projected to an observer or imaging system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Nautical Perspective?
Nautical Perspective is another name for Naval Perspective. The Dictionary defines this as the application of perspective to views of ships or seascapes and other maritime spatial scenes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 284
What is Naval Perspective?
Naval Perspective Application of perspective to either A) a view of a ship; or B) the view of a seascape.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 284
What is Nearby Perspective?
Nearby-Perspective or Proxemic Perspective refers to one of the following:; Optical perspective (natural); Parallel perspective; Arabesque perspective; Focal Perspective; Reversible perspective; Unistic perspective; Tachiste perspective; Chessboard perspective Proxemic perspective can be contrasted with: A) Intermediary or Mixed Perspectives: Spherical, Axial, Frontal, Cubist, Folding Back, Cavalier, Projective, Angular, Isometric.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 284
What does synonyms mean in Negative Perspective?
The Dictionary lists Reverse Perspective, Inverse Perspective, Backwards Perspective and Perspective à rebours as synonyms or closely equivalent names for Negative Perspective. These terms describe systems in which recession is represented by divergence rather than ordinary convergent linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 284
What is New Media and Multi-View Perspective?
Images/views of a spatial reality as created by a new media system, by connecting/linking, ordering, constructing, matching, mixing, exploring, and cross-matching: multiple images of a spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 286
What is New Media Perspective?
New Media Perspective refers to perspective generated, processed, displayed or explored through computational and electronic media, including computer graphics, digital imaging, computer vision, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality and interactive three-dimensional environments.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 286; Volume 1 2.1, p. 71
What is New Perspective?
New Perspective refers to rejection of linear perspective principles Any type of artificial or graphical perspective projection or image/view of a spatial scene that rejects Renaissance or linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 286
What role did Isaac Newton play in the history of perspective?
Perspective Types / Forms According to Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727): The least Light or part of light, which may be stopped alone without the rest of the Light, or propagated alone, or do or suffer anything alone, which the rest of the light doth not or suffers not, I call a Ray of Light.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 21, 104
What is Nicolosi Projection?
The Nicolosi globular projection is a polyconic map projection invented about the year 1000 by the Iranian polymath al-Biruni.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 286
What is Non-Compound-Eye Perspective?
Non-Compound-Eye Perspective concerns vision through eyes that are not built from many ommatidia. Such eyes may use one or more lenses or reflective optical elements; the Dictionary includes refractive camera eyes, spherical-lens eyes and reflector eyes among the forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 287
What is Non-Conical Projection?
Non-conical projection is a broad term for artificial or graphical perspective systems that do not use the converging central or Renaissance model in which a flat picture plane intersects a visual cone or pyramid from a single finite centre. Parallel, axial, curved or other non-central projection arrangements may therefore fall outside conical projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 287
What is Non-Infinite Horizon in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Non-Perspective?
Non-Perspective (1) is routed by the Dictionary to Aspective: representation that does not rely on a unified finite-viewpoint central-perspective system. A second Dictionary sense of non-perspective is associated with Cube-Grid Perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 288
What is Non-Picture Space Perspective?
Non-Picture Space Perspective refers to any artificial, graphical, or New Media perspective image that does not exhibit, or may not include, or may not be able to include, classic depth-based optical perspective phenomena such as unified aspect, scientific recession, foreshortening, a unified vanishing point, single horizon line, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 288
What is Non-planar Projection Surface Perspective?
Non-planar Projection Surface Perspective Refers to any category or method of perspective that employs a non- at picture or projection surface, for example a curved, cylindrical or spherical surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 288
What is Non-Technical Perspective?
Non-technical perspective is any non-systematic process producing a visual image, view, representation or model, of a 3-D object or scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 288
What is Normal Axonometric Projection?
Normal axonometric projection is an orthogonal axonometric projection. Its principal forms are classified as isometric, dimetric or trimetric according to the relative foreshortening of the three principal object axes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 288
What is normal eye view perspective?
Normal eye-view perspective is a view from an ordinary upright eye height and viewing direction. It describes a viewing condition rather than a unique projection system; the resulting vanishing and horizon relationships depend on the scene and orientation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Normal Perspective?
Normal Perspective is a non-standard term used inconsistently for ordinary linear perspective, especially onepoint perspective and sometimes two-point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 289
What is not a type of perspective system?
There is no single short list from which one item can always be identified as “not a perspective system.” The Dictionary uses a broad taxonomy, so whether a term counts depends on its definition as a category, class, type, form, phenomenon, method or related concept.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Näherer Weg Perspective (Dürer’s Construction Method)?
Näherer Weg Perspective is a simplified geometrical perspective-construction method associated with Albrecht Dürer and described as the näherer Weg—the “nearer” or “shorter way”.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 285
O
What is Object Perspective?
External Aspect (sphere of revolution) Refers to a perspective image/view of a spatial object as taken from an external aspect or particular viewpoint and a unique viewing direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 290
What is Object Projection Angle: Central Aspect?
Object Projection Angle: Central Aspect is a spatial object placed directly along the central axis of projection/observation (along the optic axis) and hence being an object viewed from that specific vantage point or aspect of view in perspectival terms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 290
What is Object Projection Angle: Off-Centre Aspect?
O -Centre Aspect A spatial object placed off -axis relative to the central axis of projection/observation, and hence being an object that is viewed from that specific aspect of view in perspectival terms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 290
What is Object space in perspective geometry?
Gibson visual space as subjective and geometrical space as objective, but Gibson Object Space argued that both are measurable and therefore objective.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 41, 85, 89-91, 108, 110-113, 115, 122-125, 127, 170, 212, 231, 235, 237, 238, 241, 243-245, 247
How does Objective Lens relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Objective Lens is relevant because synonym for: Objective (lens type). Objective Perspective (Subjective Perspective; Visual Perspective (2); Linear perspective; Curvilinear Perspective; Spherical Perspective; Flocon A., Barre, A.; David Chelsea; Dick Termes; Pavel Florensky; David Hockney; Descriptive Geometry; Orthographic Perspective; Parallel Perspective;.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 291
What is Oblique Axonometric Projection?
Oblique Axonometric Projection is a term used for an oblique parallel projection that displays three-dimensional coordinate axes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 292
What is Oblique Drawing/Oblique Projection?
Oblique Drawing / Oblique Projection (Parallel Perspective) An oblique drawing is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object that uses angled lines to create the illusion of depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 292
What is Oblique Mercator Projection?
Oblique Mercator Projection is a Mercator-family map projection whose central line is placed obliquely rather than along the equator or a meridian. It is useful for mapping regions that extend diagonally across the globe.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Oblique Mercator Projection entry
What is Oblique Parallel Perspective?
Oblique parallel projection, sometimes referred to as "parallel projection” or “a parallel view”, is a graphical projection that yields convincing images that enable the viewer to perceive a limited degree of spatial depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 293
What is Oblique Perspective?
Oblique Perspective is a form of parallel or pictorial projection in which receding projectors are oblique rather than perpendicular to the picture plane. Parallel directions remain parallel instead of converging to finite vanishing points, distinguishing it from central linear perspective.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 45, 101, 117–119
What is Oblique Perspective Method?
Oblique Perspective Method is a name for a method of constructing oblique perspective. In the relevant Dictionary sense it belongs to oblique perspective in which the projected relationship is established at an oblique angle rather than through the ordinary frontal central arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 294
What is Oblique Perspective of a Cube?
Oblique Perspective of a Cube is used in the Dictionary as a synonym for two-point perspective: a cube viewed so that two principal horizontal edge directions recede to separate vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 294
What does graphics method mean in Oblique Perspective?
Oblique Perspective - Graphics Method is Synonym for Rectilinear Perspective Method - Graphical Perspective Construction. A method of subdividing the drawing surface using geometrical/graphical methods, and projecting onto the picture plane from a plan, side elevation, and/or auxiliary view the oblique perspective or apparent position/ length/angle of an oblique line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 293
What does mathematical method mean in Oblique Perspective?
In this context, Oblique Perspective - Mathematical Method refers to oblique Perspective Method: Mathematical Perspective Construction. A method of mathematically projecting onto the picture plane from plan, side elevation, and/or auxiliary view data the oblique perspective or apparent position/length/angle of an oblique line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 293
What is Oblique projection?
Oblique projection is an oblique pictorial projection is a parallel projection in which the lines-ofsight (projection lines) are not perpendicular to the projection plane.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 117
What is Oblique ProjectionOblique Projection?
Oblique Projection Oblique Projection A term sometimes used loosely for a slightly sideways view of a spatial object or scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 294
What is Occlusion in visual perspective?
In any 2-D view or image of 3-D reality, apparent or measured size is jointly affected by distance, viewpoint, foreshortening, visible shape, occlusion, projection geometry (including the shape-sufficiency problem), scale, resolution and the method used to define and measure size.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 80, 98, 129, 245
What is Occlusion (depth cue) in visual perspective?
Occlusion is an occlusion depth cue, also known as interposition, is a powerful visual signal: when one object partially blocks (occludes) another, it indicates that the blocking object is closer, establishing relative depth order, and it works even in static images (pictorial cue) and with just one eye. For instance, a tree hiding part of a mountain means the tree is in front.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 294
What is Occlusion Principle?
<< NEW / REFINED Term >> The occlusion principle of perspective refers to the fact that, to visualise a region of ‘transparent’ 3-D space, there must be some kind of spatial framework or metric grid, and in which regions of the space serve the purpose of occluding or blocking light or projection rays from reaching in nity, whereby the outer boundaries or edges of objects are visible and available for perspective distortions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 294
What is Ocular Perspective?
Ocular Perspective is another name for visual or retinal perspective: the perspective formed in relation to the eye and the visual system rather than a perspective drawn solely by graphical construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Ocular/Visual Perspective entries
What is Office Perspective Method?
The Office Perspective Method is a practical architectural technique for constructing one- and two-point perspective drawings from plan and elevation information. It translates measured building geometry into a perspective view using the standard relationships of station point, picture plane and vanishing directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 295
What is Old Perspective?
Old Perspective is used as a historical label for an earlier or traditional perspective form. In the Dictionary's indexing it is associated with conventional perspective terminology rather than a distinct modern technical projection class.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 295
What is one (single) point perspective photography?
One-point perspective photography is a photograph dominated by one principal receding direction whose parallel lines converge toward one main vanishing point. Corridors, roads, tunnels and symmetrical interiors often create this composition.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is One Axis Horizontal Perspective?
One Axis Horizontal Perspective Refers to an artificial perspective construction that employs (for perspective purposes only) a flat object plane that is perpendicular (and horizontally aligned) to the picture plane and observer.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 296
How does one know if everything's in the right perspective if its an organic form like a body?
Construct the major mass of the subject as simple boxes, cylinders or planes inside one consistent perspective system. Establish the horizon and relevant vanishing directions first, then place the large axes and proportions before refining curved or organic contours. Foreshortening should follow the same underlying spatial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is One View Drawing Perspective?
One View Drawing Perspective refers to any perspective image/view of a spatial scene that results in a single viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 296
What is One-, two- and three-point perspective?
Perspective Types / Forms 125 Zero- through Six-Point Perspective Perspective images are conventionally classified as zero-, one-, two-, three-, four-, five- or six-point forms according to the number and arrangement of Point Perspective Types/Forms principal vanishing points, the geometry of the picture surface, and the extent of Non/Zero-Point the field. The image's appearance depends on the particular geometrical details One-Point and relationships between the viewer, picture plane, and object/scene.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 125
What is One-Eyed Linear Perspective?
One-Eyed Linear Perspective is a synonym for linear perspective. The name emphasises its monocular, single-viewpoint projection model: a perspective image can be geometrically constructed from one eye or station point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 296
What is One-point linear-perspective construction?
One-Point Linear Perspective Construction Method We shall now explore how a one-point perspective graphical construction is created by referring to the geometry and optics of a natural scene sketched One-Point onto a picture plane.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 121
Can I learn one-point perspective if I've never drawn before?
Practice with simple boxes and rooms before complex objects. Keep one station point and horizon fixed, vary object position and rotation, and check that each parallel line family consistently uses its proper vanishing point. Then add measurement, circles and repeated modules.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Can you draw a room in one-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Does the eye see one-point perspective?
Human vision is not confined to one-, two- or three-point graphical perspective. Those are convenient classifications of rectilinear projection. Natural visual perspective contains a much richer field of directions and potential vanishing relationships, especially across a wide field of view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
How do you draw a ceiling in one-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw a checkerboard in one-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw a one-point perspective cityscape?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you measure depth in one-point perspective?
Depth in one-point perspective can be measured with distance points, measuring points, diagonals or a constructed ground grid. True dimensions are marked on a measuring line and projected into depth so that equal intervals diminish consistently toward the principal vanishing point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
How is one-point perspective different from two-point perspective?
In one-point perspective, one principal direction recedes to a finite vanishing point while two principal directions remain parallel to the picture plane. In two-point perspective, two principal horizontal directions recede to separate vanishing points, so the object is normally viewed at an angle.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
How the heck do you draw a cylinder in one-point perspective?
Construct the containing square or rectangular plane first in the correct perspective. Locate its centre with diagonals and mark the tangent or quarter points; then draw the ellipse through those control points. A cylinder is built by placing matching ellipses on parallel end planes and joining corresponding tangencies.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Is one-point perspective always in the middle?
No. A one-point construction has one principal receding vanishing point, but that point need not be at the centre of the image. Its position depends on the chosen viewing direction and framing; the familiar centred example is only a special case.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
Is one-point perspective how human vision actually works?
Human vision is not confined to one-, two- or three-point graphical perspective. Those are convenient classifications of rectilinear projection. Natural visual perspective contains a much richer field of directions and potential vanishing relationships, especially across a wide field of view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is one-point perspective, and how does it help artists create the illusion of depth and space?
One-point perspective is a central linear-perspective arrangement in which one principal set of parallel lines recedes toward one finite vanishing point, while the other two principal sets are parallel to the picture plane. The name refers to this principal one-point configuration, not to every possible line in the scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is one-point perspective?
One-point perspective is a central linear-perspective arrangement in which one principal set of parallel lines recedes toward one finite vanishing point, while the other two principal sets are parallel to the picture plane. The name refers to this principal one-point configuration, not to every possible line in the scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
When is one-point perspective used?
One-point perspective is most useful when a dominant face or plane is parallel to the picture plane and one main direction recedes approximately perpendicular to it, as in a frontal room, corridor, road or aligned architectural view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
Why is it called one-point perspective?
One-point perspective is a central linear-perspective arrangement in which one principal set of parallel lines recedes toward one finite vanishing point, while the other two principal sets are parallel to the picture plane. The name refers to this principal one-point configuration, not to every possible line in the scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
Why use one-point perspective?
One-point perspective is useful for frontal or strongly aligned views such as corridors, roads, rooms and façades. It gives a clear central recession and is also a simple way to learn the relationship between viewpoint, horizon and vanishing direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is Ontology of Perspective?
At the Perspective Research Centre, we are developing a comprehensive ontology of perspective to accurately reflect all known classes/branches of the subject discipline of visual/optical/technical perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 297
What is Op Art Perspective (Art)?
Op art was a major development in painting in the 1960s that used geometric forms to create optical and illusory effects, often creating the illusion of a 3-D space on a 2-D picture plane, either through combinations of linear perspective, false perspective, accelerated perspective, and/or other monocular depth cues. Opaque Perspective Any perspective image or view in which (in totality or for a specific region) of the spatial scene/object presents itself as opaque;.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 297
What is Opaque Perspective?
Any perspective image or view in which (in totality or for a specific region) of the spatial scene/object presents itself as opaque; and the observer (looking at the object/scene from a specific viewpoint) cannot see through (to what lies behind) the identified region of the scene/object in question. Can be contrasted with transparent perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 297
What is Open Perspective?
Open Perspective is a perspective image/view of a spatial scene that provides an unrestricted or unobscured viewpoint or vista; as provided, for example, by one or more forms of panoramic, balloon, aerial, mountaintop, spherical or cylindrical perspective view, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 297
What is Opening Principle (of perspective)?
The opening principle of perspective, i.e., the converse of the occlusion principle, refers to how linear perspective (or other forms of technical perspective) works to prescribe, unify, expand, integrate, and open up space right out to the horizon and into deep spatial regions/vaults.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 297
How does Optical array relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Optical array is relevant because, Brightness, Texture Gradients, Scene Perspective Size, Superposition, Height in Visual Field, etc.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 96
How does Optical Artificial Intelligence relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Optical Artificial Intelligence is relevant because optical Artificial Intelligence (1: Computing Technology) One type of Optical AI refers to the intersection of light-based technology and artificial intelligence, leveraging photonic chips for faster, more energy-e cient computation than traditional electronics, alongside AI-driven, high-precision optical measurement and design.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 298
How does Optical distortion relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Optical distortion is relevant because the perspective geometry is determined principally by the projection centre or viewpoint, focal length controls image scale and field of view, while lens design may introduce optical distortion.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 70, 110, 205, 237
How does Optical Facet relate to optical perspective?
An optical facet is an optical aspect of a perspective image or system. The Dictionary uses the idea of facets to separate features such as the optical assembly and scene structure, projection mode, field of view, image scale and resolution, exposure or timing, colour, contrast and other image-forming properties that influence the final optical appearance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 298
What is Optical Foreshortening in perspective geometry?
Optical Foreshortening is a synonym for perspectival foreshortening (type 2 or focal perspective) or the pure phenomenon of size/distance law foreshortening (see discussion below).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 299
What is Optical Horizon Line in perspective geometry?
Optical and Geometrical Vanishing Concepts [30] Geometrical Vanishing Limit — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the projective limit towards which lines, directions, planes or spatial forms geometrically converge. [31] Optical Horizon Line — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the directly observed or optically imaged boundary where an extended surface appears to meet the sky. [32] Optical Vanishing Limit — << NEW TERM >>: the resolution-dependent limit at which a speci ed object, line, pattern or detail ceases to be distinguishable.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 198
What is optical perspective?
Optical perspective is perspective produced through optical image formation: light from spatial reality is sorted or projected by an eye, lens, mirror or other optical system into an image or view. It includes natural and instrument-based optical processes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Optical space in perspective geometry?
Optical Space is spatial reality as organised or imaged through an optical system. It concerns the geometrical and physical relations carried by light between object space, optical components and image space rather than merely the drawn space of a graphical construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Optical Space entry
What is optical vanishing?
Optical vanishing occurs when a feature ceases to be visually resolved or detectable because of distance, scale, contrast, atmosphere, focus or optical limits. It is different from geometrical vanishing, where a direction approaches a projective vanishing point or line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Optical Vanishing Limit in perspective geometry?
the optical or visual limit at which a speci ed object, line, pattern or detail ceases to be distinguishable because its image becomes too small, faint, blurred or low in contrast to be resolved.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 305
How does Optical World relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Optical World is relevant because ernst Gombrich referred to visual space (1:B) as the optical world, or the mirror, being the geometrical space of physical space/world, and being the target space or object space that is projected by a particular perspective method such as linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 305
What is optics perspective?
Optical perspective is perspective produced through optical image formation: light from spatial reality is sorted or projected by an eye, lens, mirror or other optical system into an image or view. It includes natural and instrument-based optical processes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Ordinary Polycentric Projection?
Ordinary Polycentric Projection is identified in the Dictionary as a non-standard or mistaken form of the name Ordinary Polyconic Projection. The intended cartographic method is the ordinary polyconic projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Ordinary Polycentric/Polyconic Projection entries
What is Ordinary Polyconic Projection?
The Ordinary Polyconic Projection is a map projection that uses a succession of cones, with each parallel of latitude treated as the arc of a cone tangent at that latitude. Parallels have true scale and the central meridian is also true to scale, but the projection is neither conformal nor equal-area.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 406
What is Orthogonal Perspective/Drawing?
Orthogonal Perspective / Drawing (Parallel Perspective; Linear Perspective) Because parallel perspective as well as one- and two-point focal perspective all have their frontal plane or height dimension parallel to the picture plane, these three methods are classed by some under a more general heading of orthogonal perspective. Nonetheless, mathematicians continue to distinguish between orthogonal, parallel and central projections.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 308
What is Orthogonal Projection?
Orthogonal projection is used both to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions and, in mathematics, to project a point or vector onto a subspace.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 308
What is Orthographic Cartographic Projection?
Orthographic Cartographic Projection is a synonym for Orthographic Projection of a Sphere. Orthographic Drawing (A, B) (methods) Orthographic Drawing (Methods) Separated into two kinds: A) primary views (1st/3rd angle projection), and B) orthographic views (isometric, dimetric, and trimetric types).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 308
What is Orthographic Drawing (A, B) in perspective drawing?
Orthographic Drawing (Methods) Separated into two kinds: A) primary views (1st/3rd angle projection), and B) orthographic views (isometric, dimetric, and trimetric types).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 308
What is orthographic perspective?
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection in which projectors are perpendicular to the image plane. It preserves true scale in planes parallel to the projection plane and does not use finite vanishing points, making it fundamental to plans, elevations and technical drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Orthographic Perspective/Projection?
Orthographic Perspective or Projection is a parallel-projection system. Projectors are mutually parallel, so parallel spatial directions do not converge to finite vanishing points. The Dictionary distinguishes primary multi-view orthographic drawings from auxiliary or axonometric forms, including isometric, dimetric and trimetric projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 308
What is Orthographic Projection of a Sphere?
Orthographic Projection of a Sphere is an orthographic projection of a sphere is a two-dimensional representation of a sphere where the projection is viewed from an infinitely distant point, resulting in a circular image that appears as a perfect circle regardless of the viewing angle, with the edge of the circle representing the "horizon" of the sphere, essentially showing a hemisphere as if looking at it from space;.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 309
How does orthographic view differ from perspective view in 3-D modelling?
An orthographic view uses parallel projection and does not make receding parallel lines converge with distance; a perspective view uses a finite viewpoint and produces central-projection diminution and convergence. In 3-D modelling these are two different virtual camera or viewing modes rather than merely different display styles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Orthographic and Perspective Projection entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 101–127
What is Osculating-Sphere Horizon Line in perspective geometry?
Circular and Observer-Distance Horizon Types [12] Circular Horizon Type A — Earth-Curvature-In uenced Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the terrestrial horizon as influenced by the spherical curvature of the Earth. [13] Circular Horizon Type B — Complete 360-Degree Horizon — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the complete horizon circle surrounding an observer in all horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 197
What is Outline Perspective?
The term is sometimes used loosely for linear perspective, but outline-based perspective can also occur in parallel, curvilinear and other projection systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 310
What is Overlaid Perspective/Multi-Picture Plane Perspective?
Overlaid Perspective / Multi-Picture Plane Perspective (Blended / Double Perspective; Multi-plane Perspective) Refers to a type of blended or combined perspective image in which two or more views of a 3-D spatial scene are overlaid onto one another in the same 2-D picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 310
P
What role did Erwin Panofsky play in the history of perspective?
Erwin Panofsky Perspective as a Symbolic Form, c. 1927 Artificial Perspective Drawing / Graphical / Visual / Environmental / Linear Perspective(s) —————————— Light-ray and perspectival geometry in Cesare Cesariano’s illustrated 1521 edition of Vitruvius’s De architectura.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 35
How do you draw panoramic perspective?
Panoramic perspective represents a field wider than an ordinary single rectilinear view, often by rotating the viewpoint/camera, using cylindrical or spherical projection, or combining multiple views. The method chosen determines how straight directions and scale behave across the panorama.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is panoramic perspective?
Panoramic perspective represents a field wider than an ordinary single rectilinear view, often by rotating the viewpoint/camera, using cylindrical or spherical projection, or combining multiple views. The method chosen determines how straight directions and scale behave across the panorama.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What does capturing mean in Panoramic Perspective (A, B, C, D)?
In this context, Panoramic Perspective (A, B, C, D) - Capturing refers to sphere of Vision; Circle of Vision; Cylinder of Vision; Sphere of Revolution Perspective; 3-D Display / Fifilm; 3-D Perspective (Spherical); Linear Perspective; Visual Perspective (2); Natural View; Internal / External View; Flat View; Spherical / Circular Perspective; Multi-angular Views; Perspective Shifts; Perspective Phenomena; Snapshot; Multi-view; Motion Panorama; 3-D Display; 3-D Fifilm) We can de ne four ways of capturing a panoramic perspective view/image: A.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 312
What is Parallax in visual perspective?
Parallax is an apparent displacement or change in relative position caused by a change of viewpoint. In binocular vision, the two eyes receive slightly different images because they occupy different positions. In motion parallax, movement of the observer makes nearer and farther objects shift by different amounts. Both forms can provide information about depth.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 96, 98, 179, 195, 212, 215
What is Parallax?
Parallax is the apparent displacement or shift in position of an object when viewed from two different, nonaligned lines of sight.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 315
What is Parallax Display in visual perspective?
Parallax barrier displays are autostereoscopic technologies that use a liquid crystal panel or mask to create vertical slits, allowing each eye to view different pixels for binocular depth perception without 3-D glasses.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 316
What is Parallax Scrolling/Scaling in visual perspective?
Parallax Scrolling / Scaling (False 3-D Effect; Digital Games) Parallax scrolling scaling is a technique that changes the scale of background images to create a 3-D-like illusion of depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 316
Why do parallel lines appear to meet?
As parallel lines recede, their fixed separation occupies a progressively smaller visual angle. Under central projection their image lines therefore approach a common vanishing point associated with their shared spatial direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Do parallel lines physically meet at infinity?
No. The physical lines remain parallel. “Meeting at infinity” is a projective-geometrical way of representing their common direction, not a claim that the material lines eventually intersect in physical space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is parallel perspective?
Parallel projection uses mutually parallel projectors rather than a finite centre of projection. Parallel spatial line families therefore remain parallel in the image rather than converging to finite vanishing points; orthographic, axonometric and oblique systems are major forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is parallel projection?
Parallel projection uses mutually parallel projectors rather than a finite centre of projection. Parallel spatial line families therefore remain parallel in the image rather than converging to finite vanishing points; orthographic, axonometric and oblique systems are major forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Parallel versus perspective projection?
Lines Drawings made in all projection systems start with the direction of view from which the object is seen; however, in the parallel system, the features of the object are sketched relative to the principal axis of the object itself, rather than being described as they appear from a particular point of view. For example, in these systems, edges are often drawn as true lengths, and edges that are parallel in the scene are represented as parallel in the picture.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 113
What is Partial Perspective?
Partial Perspective denotes a perspective that presents only part of the potentially available spatial view, image or system. The Dictionary distinguishes more than one use, including a partial-view perspective in which only a limited portion of the scene or visual field is represented.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Partial Perspective entry
What is Partial Perspective Drawing?
Partial Perspective Drawing refers to any perspective drawing in which some regions of the drawing assembly are shown in one type or class of perspective representation, whilst other parts employ a different type of perspective projection or exhibit no perspective at all.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 322
What is participation perspective as a non-visual form of perspective?
The participation perspective is a way of thinking about how people can be involved in projects, programs, or activities.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 322
What is Perception (Binocular) in visual perspective?
Binocular perception in visual perspective is the depth and spatial information derived from the coordinated use of the two eyes. Because each eye receives a slightly different projection, binocular disparity and related processes contribute especially to the perception of depth at nearer distances alongside monocular perspective cues.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Binocular Vision / Depth Perception entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 227–248
What is Perspectival Foreshortening in perspective geometry?
Perspectival Foreshortening is a synonym for Foreshortening - Types (1,2) [linear perspective combines aspect plus optical foreshortening].
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 327
What is a perspective?
A perspective is a particular way in which spatial reality is viewed, projected, represented or understood from a viewpoint or according to a perspective system. The PRC uses the term for many natural, optical, graphical and technical forms, not only for a personal opinion.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is perspective?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What does art of mean in Perspective (A)?
Perspective as the 'art of' refers to the traditional definition of perspective as the art of drawing on a plane the appearances of figures according to geometrical rules. In this conception, the picture can be understood as an intersection or cross-section through the visual cone or pyramid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 331
What is Perspective (Artistic Method)?
Perspective refers to as a window through which one looks or a cross-section of the visual cone.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 331
What is Perspective (double)?
Double Perspective is an umbrella term for several doubled or combined perspective arrangements. The Dictionary includes blended or multi-view cases in which several views of a spatial scene are merged into one image space, together with specialised optical examples such as doubled views produced through reflective objects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 332
What is Perspective (OED A)?
In the Dictionary's summary of the Oxford English Dictionary, the older OED sense A of perspective is connected with the science of sight or optics, reflecting the historical meaning of perspectiva before the word became strongly associated with pictorial construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 332
What is Perspective (OED B)?
The Dictionary's OED sense B records the later cluster of meanings in which perspective concerns the representation or appearance of objects in relation to viewpoint, distance and pictorial space. It shows how the term broadened from optics into drawing and representation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 333
Is perspective a noun?
Yes. In ordinary English, “perspective” is a noun, but within the PRC framework it also names a much larger field: the methods, systems, images and phenomena through which spatial reality is viewed, projected, represented or interpreted.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Axes perspective?
Perspective axes are reference directions used to organise spatial or projected geometry. Depending on the system, they may be expressed through Cartesian, polar, spherical or other coordinate frameworks and provide structured directions for locating, measuring or relating elements of a perspective view or construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 335
What is Blocks perspective?
Perspective Blocks is a simple drawing aid, whereby an artist uses an imaginary / temporary block drawn around an object that is to be represented, and in order to accurately capture the proportions of the same.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 336
What is a perspective camera angle?
A perspective camera angle is the camera's orientation and direction of view relative to the scene. Changing it changes the image position of the horizon and vanishing directions and alters which surfaces are visible. It is distinct from lens angle of view, although the two are often considered together in composition.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Camera Perspective, Angle of View and Viewpoint entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137–150
What is a perspective camera model?
A perspective camera model represents image formation from a finite centre of projection onto an image plane. The pinhole model is the simplest ideal form: each object point connects through one centre to an image point, producing central perspective without lens aberrations.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is a perspective camera?
A perspective camera model represents image formation from a finite centre of projection onto an image plane. The pinhole model is the simplest ideal form: each object point connects through one centre to an image point, producing central perspective without lens aberrations.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What does principal categories mean in Perspective Category (B)?
The principal perspective categories identify the main source or mode of the perspective process: how a scene, object, image or view is observed, formed, calculated, constructed, projected or simulated. They provide the broad categorical level above more specific classes, types and forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Category (B) entry
What is Perspective Category Theory?
Perspective Category Theory is the PRC framework for organising perspective through analytical levels including Category, Class, Type, Form, Phenomenon, Function and Product. It links natural vision, optical systems, geometrical projection and graphical, photographic and digital representation within one common structure.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 12–15, 571
What is Perspective Category Theory — Ambiguities of Definition?
— Ambiguities of Definition Perspective terminology is frequently ambiguous because the same word may identify a method, process, system, instrument, function, image form, outcome or phenomenon.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 337
What are Perspective Category Theory — Categories and Classes?
Perspective categories identify the principal source or mode of a perspective process. Perspective classes identify one of the two principal directions in which that process operates. Principal categories; Natural Perspective — perspective arising from the physical organisation and visible appearance of objects and scenes in natural space.; Visual Perspective Type 1 — the broad category encompassing direct and represented visual appearances, views and images.; Visual Perspective Type 2 — the human retinal and perceptual subclass within Visual Perspective Type 1.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 337
What is Centre perspective?
The importance of perspective centres in the development and di usion of Renaissance culture, and of linear perspective methods/techniques must be recognised.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 338
What is Chart perspective?
Perspective Chart is a 3-D version of a chart that uses perspective to create the illusion of depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 338
What is Circle perspective?
Perspective Circle is a perspective circle circle that appears as an ellipse when viewed in perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 338
What is Class perspective?
Perspective Class is a perspective class identifies one of the two principal directions in which a perspective process operates.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 339
What does form mean in Perspective concepts?
In Perspective Category Theory, form identifies the particular structural or visible configuration in which a perspective type is realised. It is more specific than a broad category or class and can distinguish, for example, particular central, multi-directional or parallel-projection forms within a larger perspective system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 13–14, 343–344, 571
What does projection scale mean in Perspective concepts?
In this context, Perspective concepts - projection scale refers to a special type of scale is the projection scale inherent to a perspective image, or the optical magnification employed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 418
What does projection scale resolution mean in Perspective concepts?
In this context, Perspective concepts - projection scale resolution refers to projection Scale A special type of scale is the projection scale inherent to a perspective image, or the optical magnification employed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 418
What is Control perspective?
Perspective Control Refers to controlling the degree of perspective distortion or image warping in a perspective image/view; and by adjusting factors (optical/geometric) that a ect the perspective phenomena involved.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 339
What is Perspective Control Lens?
Perspective Control Lens Refers to a special type of (normally) photographic camera lens, or other software image processing method, which enables a person to manually adjust (and correct for or remove) the degree of perspective distortion that has (or would have) been introduced by a wide field lens.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 339
Does shift based perspective correction have any effect on focus?
Shift changes which part of the lens’s image circle is recorded and can keep architectural lines parallel without tilting the camera. It changes framing and image geometry rather than the basic focus principle; focus effects depend on lens and sensor-plane relationships, especially when tilt is also involved.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
Is perspective countable?
Yes. “Perspective” can be used as a countable noun when referring to a particular viewpoint, system or form (“a perspective”), and as a broader subject name when referring to perspective as a field.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
How does perspective create depth?
Perspective works through projection from a viewpoint. As direction and distance change, objects subtend different visual angles: farther forms diminish, receding directions converge, planes foreshorten and overlaps change. Drawings and images reproduce or model these relationships to create an impression of spatial depth.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
How can perspective create depth in a piece of work?
Perspective creates depth by coordinating several cues: diminution of apparent size, convergence of receding directions, foreshortening, overlap and changes of position relative to the horizon. A coherent viewpoint makes these cues reinforce one another.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Cube perspective?
Perspective Cube Refers to a solid, hollow or wire-frame drawing of a cube, typically depicted using two or three-point linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 339
How is perspective defined?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
How is perspective definition used in photography?
In photography, perspective describes how a three-dimensional scene is projected from the camera viewpoint into a two-dimensional image. Relative size, convergence, foreshortening and visible surfaces depend primarily on camera position and orientation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Diagram perspective?
In the Dictionary, a perspective diagram is described in a surveying context: a selected portion of the perspective field is divided by ordered lines, meridians and parallels into areas of prescribed dimensions. It is therefore a structured spatial diagram used to organise or measure a perspective field.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 340
What is Direction perspective?
Perspective direction identifies whether a perspective process operates principally towards an eye, sensor or image-forming system, or forwards from a source or representational system into physical, graphical, optical or simulated space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 340
What is Perspective Distance Point Method?
The Perspective Distance-Point Method is a central or linear-perspective construction that uses distance points to transfer true or measured depths into the picture. Distance points provide a geometrical means of locating equal or known intervals in recession from the station-point and picture-plane setup.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 340; Perspective Method entries
Do wide-angle lenses create perspective distortion?
A wide-angle lens records a wide field of view. If the camera is close to the subject, the viewpoint creates strong near-far size differences; rectilinear projection can also stretch forms toward the image margins. These perspective effects should be distinguished from optical barrel distortion.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
How do I characterize perspective distortion?
Characterise perspective distortion by separating viewpoint effects from lens aberrations. Examine camera distance, field of view, convergence of parallel directions, near-far scale ratios and edge stretching; then check separately for optical curvature such as barrel or pincushion distortion.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
How do you avoid perspective distortion when taking selfies?
Use a greater camera-to-face distance to reduce exaggerated near-far proportions, then choose focal length or crop to obtain the desired framing. Very close viewpoints make noses and other near features disproportionately large; that is a viewpoint effect rather than simply a lens defect.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
Is perspective distortion the same as lens distortion?
No. Lens distortion is an optical aberration of the imaging system, such as barrel or pincushion curvature. Perspective distortion results from viewpoint, field of view and projection geometry, for example exaggerated near-far size differences or rectilinear edge stretching.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What causes perspective distortion?
Perspective distortion arises when viewpoint and projection make spatial proportions differ strongly from familiar appearance. Close viewing exaggerates near-far size differences, while wide rectilinear fields can stretch forms toward the margins; these effects are distinct from lens aberrations.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is perspective distortion correction?
Perspective correction alters an image so that selected projected lines, planes or proportions better match a desired geometry, for example making architectural verticals parallel. It changes the representation after capture or through camera movements; it does not reconstruct every aspect of the original 3-D scene automatically.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is perspective distortion in photography?
Perspective distortion in photography is the apparent exaggeration or compression of spatial relationships caused chiefly by camera position and projection geometry. Very close viewpoints exaggerate near-far size differences, while wide rectilinear fields can stretch forms toward the margins.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is the difference between lens distortion and perspective distortion?
No. Lens distortion is an optical aberration of the imaging system, such as barrel or pincushion curvature. Perspective distortion results from viewpoint, field of view and projection geometry, for example exaggerated near-far size differences or rectilinear edge stretching.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is the difference between perspective distortion and barrel or pincushion distortion?
Perspective distortion comes from viewpoint and projection geometry. Barrel and pincushion distortion are optical lens distortions that curve image lines away from or toward the centre. They can occur together, but they are different phenomena and require different corrections.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is Perspective Distortion (Vertical)?
Perspective Distortion Refers to perspective image shape/size/position distortions in the vertical plane/dimension, and as instructed by a particular category or system of perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 341
What is Perspective Distortion(s) of Renaissance Painters?
The Dictionary notes that some Renaissance painters deliberately adjusted the apparent size, shape or position of forms near the edges of paintings. Such corrections or distortions were attempts to reconcile a flat linear-perspective image with aspects of wide-field human vision, where peripheral forms and retinal projection do not behave exactly like a narrow rectilinear camera image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 341
What is Division perspective?
Perspective Division as a Scaling or Drawing Enlargement / Reduction Method The surface of an image can be perceptively divided if we relate vanishing point and stand point to a straight line divided equally to our flown choice.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 341
What perspective do humans see in?
Humans see through natural visual perspective rather than a single graphical point-perspective system. The visual field contains many directions and changing optical relationships, supplemented by eye movements and binocular depth cues.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What perspective do we see?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What perspective do we see in?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What perspective does human vision see?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What perspective does the human eye see?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
Are perspective drawings to scale?
A perspective drawing can be constructed from measured dimensions, but it does not have one uniform true scale throughout the image because projected scale changes with depth. Specific measuring lines, planes or reference locations can carry true or defined scale.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
Can perspective drawings be scaled?
A perspective drawing can be constructed from measured dimensions, but it does not have one uniform true scale throughout the image because projected scale changes with depth. Specific measuring lines, planes or reference locations can carry true or defined scale.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
Can perspective drawings be to scale?
A perspective drawing can be constructed from measured dimensions, but it does not have one uniform true scale throughout the image because projected scale changes with depth. Specific measuring lines, planes or reference locations can carry true or defined scale.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
Does every line in a perspective drawing have to converge?
No. Lines parallel to the picture plane can remain parallel in the image, and only line families that recede relative to the projection have finite vanishing points. Different directions also converge to different points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How can I practice two-point perspective drawing effectively?
Practice with simple boxes and rooms before complex objects. Keep one station point and horizon fixed, vary object position and rotation, and check that each parallel line family consistently uses its proper vanishing point. Then add measurement, circles and repeated modules.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do blueprints differ from perspective drawing? What purposes do they each serve?
Blueprints or orthographic plans and elevations are primarily measured technical views that preserve dimensions in selected planes. Perspective drawings show how the design appears from a viewpoint, making spatial relationships easier to visualise but generally less direct for taking true measurements.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
How do you find the midpoint of a plan for a perspective drawing?
Use true-length or measuring lines together with vanishing points, distance/measuring points, diagonals or a perspective grid. Diagonals locate centres and subdivisions, while measured intervals can be transferred into depth so equal real distances diminish consistently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
How do you handle perspective drawing?
Handle a perspective drawing by establishing the viewpoint and main spatial structure before detail. Fix the horizon and principal directions, build simple boxes and planes, use measurement or grids where needed, and check that each parallel line family remains consistent.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you measure depth in perspective drawing?
Measure depth with a true-length or measuring line, then project those dimensions into the scene using measuring points, distance points, diagonals or a perspective grid. Equal real intervals become progressively smaller in the image according to the chosen projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, measurement and subdivision methods, pp. 357-359; Volume 1 2.1, theory chapters
How do you think perspective drawing helps city planners and builders? What would happen if they didn’t do this?
Perspective helps architects and planners visualise how proposed spaces will appear from particular viewpoints, communicate scale and spatial relationships, and detect visual problems that plans and elevations alone may not reveal. CAD extends rather than eliminates these underlying viewing principles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How should I practice drawing forms and perspective drawing?
Practise simple forms repeatedly under one fixed viewpoint: boxes first, then cylinders, circles, rotations and combinations. Vary position and depth while keeping the horizon and vanishing system coherent, and only then move to complex organic forms or figures.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What advantage do isometric drawings have over perspective drawings?
Isometric drawings keep parallel directions parallel and use a fixed axonometric scale, so dimensions are easier to compare and repeated parts are easier to construct. Perspective drawings more closely model finite-viewpoint appearance but are less convenient for direct measurement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What are perspective drawing exercises for beginners?
Start with simple boxes in one-point and two-point perspective. Learn eye level, station point, picture plane and vanishing directions first; then practise grids, repeated intervals, circles, rotations and simple interiors before moving to complex organic forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What are perspective drawings used for?
Perspective drawings are used to visualise, communicate and analyse how spatial objects and scenes appear from a viewpoint. They support art, architecture, design, engineering and many other fields by organising depth, scale, direction and spatial relationships in an image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What are the basic steps to start a one-point perspective drawing?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What are the characteristics of perspective drawings?
Typical characteristics include a defined viewpoint, consistent projection of spatial directions, diminution with distance, foreshortening of oblique forms and, in central perspective, vanishing points or vanishing lines for receding directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What are the most common perspective drawing mistakes?
Common mistakes include mixing viewpoints, sending one parallel line family to inconsistent vanishing points, confusing eye level with a visible skyline, placing vanishing points arbitrarily, using an excessively wide rectilinear field, and applying scale or foreshortening inconsistently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What do you think the advantages of linear perspective drawing are?
Its main advantage is coherence: spatial directions, diminution, foreshortening and scale can all be related to one viewpoint. That makes drawings easier to read as three-dimensional space and provides a basis for both accurate construction and deliberate visual manipulation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is a basic approach to perspective drawing?
A basic approach is to begin with eye level and viewpoint, construct simple boxes and planes, learn one- and two-point recession, then add measurement, circles, repeated forms and more complex objects. The aim is to understand the projection relationships rather than memorise isolated tricks.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is line of sight in perspective drawing?
The line of sight is a viewing direction from the eye or camera toward a point or region of the scene. It is not automatically identical to every directional reference or vanishing direction in a perspective system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is parallel perspective drawing?
Parallel projection uses mutually parallel projectors rather than a finite centre of projection. Parallel spatial line families therefore remain parallel in the image rather than converging to finite vanishing points; orthographic, axonometric and oblique systems are major forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is perspective drawing and why is it important?
Perspective drawing is the graphical representation of spatial appearance from a viewpoint. It uses geometrical or estimated relationships such as horizon, vanishing directions, diminution, foreshortening and measurement to organise depth on a flat surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is The Cone Of Vision In Perspective Drawing?
The cone of vision is a traditional way of describing the limited angular field selected around a viewing direction for a perspective image. Keeping a rectilinear drawing within a moderate field helps avoid excessive edge stretching and distortion.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is the most common mistake beginners make in perspective drawing?
Common mistakes include mixing viewpoints, sending one parallel line family to inconsistent vanishing points, confusing eye level with a visible skyline, placing vanishing points arbitrarily, using an excessively wide rectilinear field, and applying scale or foreshortening inconsistently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is the purpose of perspective drawing?
Perspective drawing provides a systematic way to represent spatial relationships and apparent depth on a surface. It helps organise scale, direction, position, foreshortening and convergence so that a represented scene can be understood, measured or made visually convincing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is the visual ray method in perspective drawing?
The visual-ray or direct-projection method constructs image points by drawing rays from the station point through selected object points to the picture plane. Their intersections with the plane determine the corresponding positions in the perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Who discovered perspective drawing?
No single person invented all perspective. In Renaissance linear perspective, Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti published an influential geometrical description. Perspective methods also existed in many earlier cultures.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Who invented perspective drawing?
No single person invented all perspective. In Renaissance linear perspective, Filippo Brunelleschi is associated with early fifteenth-century experimental demonstrations, while Leon Battista Alberti published an influential geometrical description. Perspective methods also existed in many earlier cultures.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Why do you think architects learn how to do perspective drawing?
Perspective helps architects and planners visualise how proposed spaces will appear from particular viewpoints, communicate scale and spatial relationships, and detect visual problems that plans and elevations alone may not reveal. CAD extends rather than eliminates these underlying viewing principles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Why does my perspective drawing look distorted?
Common causes are vanishing points placed too close together, an excessively wide field of view, inconsistent vanishing directions, or mixing viewpoints. Check the horizon, keep each parallel line family tied to its own vanishing point and avoid forcing a very wide scene onto one flat rectilinear plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
Why is perspective drawing important?
Its main advantage is coherence: spatial directions, diminution, foreshortening and scale can all be related to one viewpoint. That makes drawings easier to read as three-dimensional space and provides a basis for both accurate construction and deliberate visual manipulation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Why is perspective drawing useful for making pictures realistic?
Its main advantage is coherence: spatial directions, diminution, foreshortening and scale can all be related to one viewpoint. That makes drawings easier to read as three-dimensional space and provides a basis for both accurate construction and deliberate visual manipulation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Perspective Drawing Frame?
Perspective Drawing Frame is a type of perspective window or veil, used by artists such as Leonardo, Viator, and Durer; which consists of a wooden frame operating as a doppelgänger to the picture plane, and upon which the artists could accurately measure (visually) perspective images lying beyond the frame.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 341
What is Perspective Drawing Machine?
A perspective drawing machine is a mechanical or optical aid used to establish, transfer or trace the projected position of points and outlines from a three-dimensional scene onto a drawing surface. Historical examples include perspective frames, tracing devices, camera-lucida-like instruments and other perspectographs.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 341
What is Perspective Drawing Overlay?
A Perspective Drawing Overlay is a perspective template placed over or under a drawing to provide a ready-made geometrical framework—such as vanishing directions or a perspective grid—for positioning forms consistently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 342
What is Facet perspective?
A Perspective Facet is one contributing aspect of a perspective image or system. Facets can be geometrical, such as projected shape, vanishing structure and foreshortening, or optical, such as colour, contrast and light-related effects. Together they contribute to the resulting perspective image form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 298, 347
What is Field perspective?
Perspective Field: Land Surveying Method(s) - Photography Synonym for perspective projections on the picture plane, or image space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 343
When was perspective first used in art?
Perspective devices appear in art long before the Renaissance. Ancient and medieval works use overlap, diminution, oblique and other spatial conventions; systematic Renaissance central linear perspective emerged in the early fifteenth century.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
How does perspective fit into world history?
The history of perspective is not a straight progression toward one system. It includes ancient optical and geometrical ideas, medieval and non-Western spatial conventions, Renaissance linear perspective, optical instruments, photography, cinema, modern art and contemporary digital and immersive systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Form perspective?
Perspective form is the visual, optical, geometrical or spatial appearance produced by a perspective process. It may involve changes in size, shape, position, orientation, line convergence, colour, clarity, contrast, curvature, compression, expansion, depth or immersion. Form describes the resulting appearance rather than the procedure used to produce it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 344
What is optical perspective as a perspective form?
Perspective Form - Optical is a perspective optical image form refers to the overall (possibly transformed) light-ray intensity/wavelength detected features or colour/contrast facets of a perspective image/view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 344
What is Frame perspective?
Image/view frame or outer boundary (viewport defined image boundary) Refers to the outer boundary of a perspective image or view, which is often rectangular in form (for photographic, film, and television media format, etc).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 344
What is Framework perspective?
Perspective Framework Refers to regular object space physical or geometric structures and/or metric grids, sets of parallel and orthogonal lines, etc, or representations of the same.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 345
What is Freedom perspective?
Perspective Representation - or Linear perspective; Freedom provided by Perspective (both visual and graphical kinds)) Freedom of/from perspective, and freedom in perspective, may refer to:; Freedom provided by perspective (to explore/represent reality: both natural and artificial types); Freedom from perspective (that is, from the tyranny of using only one particular way of seeing the world or respecting it in one type of perspective;.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 345
What is Function perspective?
Perspective function refers to what a perspective process or system does. The Dictionary lists functions such as capturing, observing, measuring, calculating, modelling, surveying, mapping, indexing, displaying and projecting. The resulting products may include a visual image, measurement, calculation, representation, model or view of a spatial object or scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 345
What is Games perspective?
Perspective Games Refers to items such as a Perspective Box / Peepshow or a Cabinet of Wonder, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 345
What is perspective glass and how is it used?
A perspective glass is an optical viewing or drawing aid associated historically with fixing, framing or transferring a view from a particular position. Such instruments help relate the eye point, viewing field and projected image in a controlled way.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Goal perspective?
The principal goals of perspective are viewing, imaging, projecting, measuring, matching, representing, creating illusion and producing immersion.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 346
How do I draw with a perspective grid?
A perspective grid is a projected network of regularly spaced lines or modules used to control recession, scale and position. It provides a reusable spatial framework for placing objects, measuring equal intervals and checking whether forms share a consistent perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do perspective grids work?
A perspective grid is a projected network of regularly spaced lines or modules used to control recession, scale and position. It provides a reusable spatial framework for placing objects, measuring equal intervals and checking whether forms share a consistent perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Should I use a perspective grid?
A perspective grid is a projected network of regularly spaced lines or modules used to control recession, scale and position. It provides a reusable spatial framework for placing objects, measuring equal intervals and checking whether forms share a consistent perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is a perspective grid and how can it be used in drawing and design?
A perspective grid is a projected network of regularly spaced lines or modules used to control recession, scale and position. It provides a reusable spatial framework for placing objects, measuring equal intervals and checking whether forms share a consistent perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is a perspective grid?
A perspective grid is a projected network of regularly spaced lines or modules used to control recession, scale and position. It provides a reusable spatial framework for placing objects, measuring equal intervals and checking whether forms share a consistent perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Grid perspective?
Perspective Grid: Synonym for Metric Grid (preferred term) A perspective grid consists of a set of real, or depicted, viewing direction object lines (co-planar parallel lines) that segment physical or object space, and sometimes with lateral direction object lines forming a visual grid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 346
What is Hinge perspective?
In the context of architecture, the "perspective hinge" refers to the conceptual link or mediation point between a three-dimensional physical building and its two-dimensional representation (such as drawings or computer renderings).; Mediation of Space: The concept explores how the tools used for architectural representation, particularly linear perspective, directly influence the design and perception of built forms.; Subjective Viewpoint: It highlights the shift from an objective representation of space to one that is dependent on a specific, subjective viewpoint, contrasting with non-perspectival methods like traditional axonometric projections.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 346
What is a perspective image?
A perspective image is an image or view in which spatial reality is projected, captured or represented according to a perspective system. It may be natural or optical, photographic, graphical, digital or otherwise technically produced.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Image perspective?
Image Perspective concerns the perspective image as a representation of a spatial object or scene in image space or on a picture surface. The emphasis is on the resulting image and its projected appearance rather than on one specific production method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Image/Perspective Image entries
What does captured mean in Perspective Image?
Perspective Image - Captured refers to the formation of ‘optical’ images ‘backwards’ from a spatial reality onto an image or picture plane, or that result from generation of a perspective representation of the visual appearance of a spatial object/scene (ref. viewpoint geometries).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 347
What does facet mean in Perspective Image?
In this context, Perspective Image - Facet refers to facet (1, 2) Perspective Image Facet (Type 1: GEOMETRY: transformed image in geometrical terms) [geometrical facet = light-ray direction or geometrical-based measurements] A perspective image facet (geometrical class) refers to the overall (apparently transformed) geometry of a perspective image/view; including (for example) the number and position of any vanishing points, horizon lines, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 347
What does projected mean in Perspective Image?
In this context, Perspective Image - Projected is the projection of an image/light-beam/pencil/shadow ‘forwards’ into a 3-D spatial reality (image is overlaid onto spatial scene/ objects)—and in such a manner that the same reality is altered in a visually apparent way.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 347
What does types mean in Perspective Image?
The Dictionary uses Perspective Image as a broad heading for visual representations formed by perspective methods, systems or instruments. Its types include captured and projected images and may be further distinguished by dimensionality, medium, projection, optical characteristics and the process by which the image is formed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 347
What does warping (1): localised image aberration mean in Perspective Image?
Perspective Image - Warping (1): Localised Image Aberration Refers to localised optical/geometrical shape/size/position/angle warping of individual image elements of a spatial object/scene; and in particular to the introduction of optical aberrations; whereupon the image of an object suffers from a distortion in one or more of its specific geometric dimension(s) or areas, for example, it may be stretched, elongated or contracted in/along one of its primary axes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 347
What does warping (2): global image distortion mean in Perspective Image?
Perspective Image - Warping (2): Global Image Distortion Refers to the aggregate optical/geometrical shape/size/position/angle warping of a perspective image space (global sense).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 348
What does warping (3): anamorphic image distortion mean in Perspective Image?
Perspective Image - Warping (3): Anamorphic Image Distortion Refers to the optical/geometrical shape/scale warping of a perspective image of an entire object/scene, but this (normally) happens in one anamorphic direction alone (for example, along the width of a photographic negative), leaving the other perpendicular dimension unchanged.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 348
What is Perspective Imager / Ray Sorter (Perspective System)?
Perspective Imager / Ray Sorter is a perspective system unit of perspective image-making capability, and is often a combination of one or more perspective categories (or systems) working across the image chain to capture/produce/record/display an image of a spatial object or scene existing in a spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 348
Why is perspective important in art?
Perspective drawing provides a systematic way to represent spatial relationships and apparent depth on a surface. It helps organise scale, direction, position, foreshortening and convergence so that a represented scene can be understood, measured or made visually convincing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is perspective in art?
In art, perspective organises spatial appearance and helps control depth, scale, viewpoint and the relation of forms within an image. Artists may use geometrically consistent perspective for realism or deliberately modify, combine or reject it for expressive purposes.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is perspective in photography?
Photographic perspective is the spatial appearance produced when a camera projects a scene from its viewpoint onto the sensor or film. Camera position principally determines relative size and convergence relationships; framing and focal length determine how much of that projected view is recorded or enlarged.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
How was perspective invented?
Perspective evolved through many traditions rather than one invention. Ancient optics and representation, medieval practice, Renaissance experiments and geometry, optical instruments, photography and later digital technologies all contributed different methods and concepts.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
When was perspective invented?
Systematic Renaissance linear perspective emerged in early fifteenth-century Italy, especially through Brunelleschi’s experiments and Alberti’s later written formulation. Perspective itself is much older: earlier cultures used many spatial and projective conventions long before the Renaissance.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Kinds perspective?
In this Dictionary entry, ‘Perspective Kinds’ classifies linear graphical construction according to the direction of the centre of vision. With a horizontal centre of vision, verticals remain parallel; with an inclined centre of vision, verticals may converge. Each case can include angular, parallel or inclined-plane arrangements.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 349
What is Lattice perspective?
Perspective Lattice is a synonym for particular kind of regular perspective framework structure existing object space; for example a metric grid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 349
What is Laws perspective?
Perspective Laws refers to we are accustomed to viewing everything in the world from roughly the same eye level, and from this normal level, verticals appear to be perpendicular to the ground.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 349
What is a legitimate perspective construction?
A legitimate perspective construction is a geometrically valid method for generating a perspective image according to the stated projection rules. In the Dictionary's Renaissance classification, this distinguishes systematic graphical construction from approximate, empirical or deliberately altered perspective procedures.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Renaissance Perspective / legitimate construction entry
Why is perspective magnificent and why is it still imperfect method?
Perspective is powerful because it provides a coherent way to relate spatial reality, viewpoint and image. It is not a perfect universal representation, however: every projection makes choices or introduces limitations involving field of view, scale, shape, viewpoint and the conversion of three-dimensional reality into an image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Map perspective?
Perspective Map is a perspective map can refer to a pictorial map or a map projection (of any kind).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 352
Why does perspective matter in art?
In art, perspective organises spatial appearance and helps control depth, scale, viewpoint and the relation of forms within an image. Artists may use geometrically consistent perspective for realism or deliberately modify, combine or reject it for expressive purposes.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Why does perspective matter in urban sketching?
In art, perspective organises spatial appearance and helps control depth, scale, viewpoint and the relation of forms within an image. Artists may use geometrically consistent perspective for realism or deliberately modify, combine or reject it for expressive purposes.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What does perspective mean as a technical term?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What does perspective mean for kids?
For a child, perspective is a way of showing that things look different depending on where you stand. Nearby things usually look bigger, distant things look smaller, and lines such as the sides of a road can appear to come together in the distance.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 95–136
What does perspective mean in photography?
Photographic perspective is the spatial appearance produced when a camera projects a scene from its viewpoint onto the sensor or film. Camera position principally determines relative size and convergence relationships; framing and focal length determine how much of that projected view is recorded or enlarged.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What does perspective mean in visual representation?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Method perspective?
A perspective method is a repeatable procedure for viewing, forming, capturing, calculating, constructing, projecting, measuring, transferring, checking or representing a perspective image, view or spatial appearance. A method describes how an operation is carried out and should be distinguished from a perspective category, class, type or form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 353
What does central-projection construction mean in PERSPECTIVE METHOD?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHOD - CENTRAL-PROJECTION CONSTRUCTION refers to the central-projection method represents a three-dimensional object or scene by projecting selected object points or lines from a fixed centre of projection or station point onto a picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 355
What does digital, computational and freehand methods mean in PERSPECTIVE METHOD?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHOD - DIGITAL, COMPUTATIONAL AND FREEHAND METHODS refers to digital Three-Dimensional Method A three-dimensional computer model is constructed in a coordinate-based object space and viewed through a virtual camera.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 358
What does instrument viewing and imaging mean in PERSPECTIVE METHOD?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHOD - INSTRUMENT VIEWING AND IMAGING refers to instrument viewing or imaging methods form or capture a perspective view through an optical or imaging system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 354
What does measurement, subdivision and repetition mean in PERSPECTIVE METHOD?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHOD - MEASUREMENT, SUBDIVISION AND REPETITION refers to measuring-Point Method The measuring-point method transfers known dimensions from a measuring line into a receding direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 357
What does parallel-projection construction mean in PERSPECTIVE METHOD?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHOD - PARALLEL-PROJECTION CONSTRUCTION refers to parallel-projection methods use projectors that remain parallel rather than converging at a finite station point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 356
What is the plan-and-elevation or direct-projection perspective method?
— PLAN-AND-ELEVATION OR DIRECT-PROJECTION METHOD The plan-and-elevation method is a precise graphical procedure in which information from two or more orthographic views is projected into a perspective drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 355
What does shortcut and modular methods mean in PERSPECTIVE METHOD?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHOD - SHORTCUT AND MODULAR METHODS refers to one-Point Magic Method Terminology used by Kevin Forseth for a precise one-point construction made without projecting every point from a separate plan.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 358
What does synonyms and redirects mean in PERSPECTIVE METHOD?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHOD - SYNONYMS AND REDIRECTS refers to direct Modern Method A broad, non-standard expression combining traditional direct graphical construction with modern digital procedures.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 359
What is Perspective Methods of Setting out a Drawing?
Methods of setting out a perspective drawing are the preparatory procedures used to establish the viewpoint, picture plane, horizon, ground or reference lines, vanishing directions and measured object geometry before the final perspective image is constructed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 359
What does master classification mean in PERSPECTIVE METHODS?
In this context, PERSPECTIVE METHODS - MASTER CLASSIFICATION refers to can be grouped into the following principal operational families: [1] Direct-observation and tracing methods Methods that record the apparent position, size, shape or direction of objects by observing them through, or in relation to, a fixed picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 353
What is Mirror perspective?
A Perspective Mirror is a mirror—particularly a flat or concave mirror—used to form a spatial view whose apparent geometry can be examined as a perspective image. Mirror perspective belongs to optical perspective because the image is formed by reflected light rather than drawn by geometrical construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 359
What is Perspective of Equal Lines (horizontal)?
Linear Perspective) In linear perspective, parallel lines on the horizontal and/or ground plane that are equal in length and recede into the distance appear to converge toward a single vanishing point on the horizon line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 361
What is Perspective of Form?
Perspective of Form refers to changes in the apparent geometry, outline, size, shape, position or orientation of objects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 362
What are Perspective of Forms?
The perspective of forms refers to the projected appearance (or outline) of geometric forms present in a spatial reality, and includes the perspective of points, lines, planes, solids, etc. Whereby the apparent shape of an object/scene is defined/captured in geometrical terms, relating to appearance transformations/distortions tied to a particular category/form of perspective. Relates also to perspective phenomena such as aspect of form, diminution of size, diminution of form, degradation of form/proportion, plus formation of vanishing points, and a horizon line, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 362
What is Perspective of Lateral Distortion (1): Visual Lateral Diminution?
Perspective of Lateral Distortion (1): Visual Lateral Diminution refers to with the eye and head fixed, equal objects progressively farther from the central visual axis may occupy a reduced angular or retinal image extent and undergo shape change.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 363
What is Perspective of Lateral Distortion (1-5)?
Perspective of lateral distortion is a collective term used in this dictionary for changes in the apparent or projected size, shape and proportion of objects situated away from the central axis of a view or image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 362
What is Perspective of Lateral Distortion (2): Perspective-Window or Rectilinear Projection?
Perspective of Lateral Distortion (2): Perspective-Window or Rectilinear Projection is a perspective window forms a rectilinear projection from a fixed centre onto a flat picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 363
What is Perspective of Lateral Distortion (3): Graphical Lateral Distortion?
Perspective of Lateral Distortion (3): Graphical Lateral Distortion refers to graphical Lateral Distortion is the enlargement or skewing of forms towards the margins when a wide field is projected from a fixed centre onto one at rectilinear plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 363
What is Perspective of Lateral Distortion (3): Rectilinear Edge Stretching?
Perspective of Lateral Distortion (3): Rectilinear Edge Stretching refers to graphical Lateral Distortion Graphical Lateral Distortion is the enlargement or skewing of forms towards the margins when a wide field is projected from a fixed centre onto one at rectilinear plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 363
What is Perspective of Lateral Distortion (4): Camera Perspective and Optical Distortion?
Photographic lateral distortion may arise from different variables and should not be confused with Visual or Graphical Lateral Distortion. [1] Viewpoint or camera-position perspective The position of the camera determines the relative apparent sizes, overlaps and spatial relationships of objects in the scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 364
What is Perspective of Lateral Distortion (5): Control and Correction?
Perspective of Lateral Distortion (5): Control and Correction refers to visual and Graphical Lateral Distortion have different causes, so no single correction suits every case.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 365
What is Leonardo da Vinci's perspective of relief?
Leonardo da Vinci studied how spatial objects/scenes have geometry that protrudes and recedes from the surfaces of bodies, and he related these effects to the perspective of shadows, light and shade, surface reflections, and the degradation of form, angle of view, or shape grammars, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 367
What is Perspective of Sky?
The perspective character of the natural sky or heavenly vault depends on viewing time (day/night), light from celestial objects, and the atmospheric conditions or weather.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 367
What is the perspective of the human eye?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Perspective of Visual Acuity?
Perspective of visual acuity concerns how image sharpness and resolvable detail vary within a perspective system or optical image. Acuity depends on factors such as focus, field of view, aperture, magnification, lighting and depth of field, so different parts or distances of a scene need not be equally sharp.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 367
Is perspective only used in drawing?
No. Perspective extends far beyond drawing. The books treat natural vision, optical instruments, photography, cinema, cartography, computer graphics, scientific imaging, virtual reality and other technologies as perspective-related systems alongside graphical perspective.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Path perspective?
Perspective Path is a perspective path creates the illusion of 3-D depth on a 2-D surface by having a path of narrow parallel lines, such as a set of railway tracks extend into the far distance and directly in front of an observer on the ground plane, whereby the path appears to narrow as it recedes toward a single vanishing point on the horizon line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 368
What is Phenomena perspective?
Instrument performance is measured at a specific field of view, aperture size, focal length, magnification, etc., whilst recording related image qualities (perspective phenomena) such as visual acuity or clarity of image over specific wavelength ranges and for a particular field of view, depth-of- field, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 368-370; Volume 1 2.1, p. 77
What is Perspective Phenomena (human perception of)?
Perspective Phenomena in human perception are the visible effects and cues through which a perspective image or view is recognised and interpreted. They include changes of projected form, size, depth, overlap, colour, contrast and other geometrical or perceptual relationships.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Phenomena entries
What is diminution of contrast as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Diminution of Contrast is an aerial perspective “depth” cue related to apparent contrast of spatial objects, being an environmental perspective phenomena corresponding to diminution of contrast (quanti ed loss of contrast) within a perspective view/image that provides size/depth/angle/shape/ position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 369
What is diminution of form as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Diminution of Form is a monocular “depth” cue related to apparent outline structure, being an environmental perspective phenomena corresponding to diminution of form within a perspective view/image that provides size/depth/angle/shape/position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 369
What is diminution of optic flow as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Diminution of Optic Flow is a monocular “depth” cue related to sensor movement, being an environmental perspective phenomena corresponding to how images change according to the sensor that provides size/depth/angle/shape/position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 369
What is diminution of size as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Diminution of Size is a monocular “depth” cue related to apparent size, being an environmental perspective phenomena corresponding to diminution of size within a perspective view/image that provides size/depth/angle/shape/position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 369
What is foreshortening as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Foreshortening is a monocular “depth” cue related to aspect foreshortening and/or perspectival foreshortening (size/distance law); or changes within a perspective image/view that provides size/ depth/angle/shape/position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 369
What is grid distortion as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Grid Distortion is a monocular “depth” cue related to metric grid distortion within a perspective image/view that provides size/depth/angle/shape/position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 369
What is horizon line as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Horizon Line is a monocular “depth” cue related to horizon Line position changes within a perspective image/view that provides size/depth/angle/shape/position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 369
What is texture as a perspective phenomenon?
Perspective Phenomena - Texture is a monocular “depth” cue related to surface texture, being an environmental perspective phenomena corresponding to texture gradients within a perspective view/image that provides size/depth/angle/shape/position information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 368
What is Perspective Phenomena: Form (geometry)?
Perspective Phenomena: Form is a perspective form (geometrical) refers to the overall (apparently transformed) geometry of a perspective image/ view; including (for example) the number and position of any vanishing points, horizon lines, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 370
What is Plane perspective?
Perspective Plane can mean the picture or projection plane on which a perspective image is formed. In another sense it can refer to the projected image of an object plane. The intended meaning therefore depends on whether the term names the receiving image plane or a represented plane within the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 371
What is Perspective Plane (A:4) [Oblique]?
Perspective Plane is a synonym for Picture Plane that is obliquely angled relative to the line of site.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 371
What is Point perspective?
Perspective Point is a synonym for the perspective Image of a point (located in object space).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 372
What is Principle perspective?
Perspective Principle is a perspective principle theoretical imaging mechanism, comprised of real or modelled scene/object structures and picture plane/surface geometry, plus one or more <OPTICAL>, <MATHEMATICAL>, <GRAPHICAL>, <COMPUTER> principle(s), interoperable to produce a representation reflecting visual aspect(s) of a spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 372-373; Volume 1 2.1, p. 78
What is Perspective Principles (Rules of Construction)?
Fundamental Principles of Perspective (Rules [ref. central/linear perspective]) Rule A: Horizontal System of Parallel Lines: Vanishing Point is on Sight Line (horizontal view) From the method of locating a vanishing point (see entry: System of Parallel lines), it follows that if a system (of parallel lines) is horizontal, its vanishing point must appear to be on a level with the eye (or appear on the horizontal sight line or central axis of vision).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 373
What are the main problems of perspective?
The Dictionary identifies many distinct perspective problems rather than one single defect. They include the problems of reality and correspondence, scale, space, time and viewpoint, together with limitations of images, measurement, shape and reconstruction. The common issue is that a perspective view gives only a conditioned and partial relation to the spatial reality from which it is formed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 397, 414–416, 450, 459, 517
What is categorical ambiguity in relation to perspective problems?
Occurs when one perspective term denotes both a method or process and the image, view or spatial appearance produced by it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 79, 347
What is category chaining in relation to perspective problems?
Category chaining occurs when several perspective categories operate in sequence to produce one view or image. A natural scene may, for example, be optically imaged, digitally processed and then graphically displayed. The final image can therefore embody several linked perspective processes rather than belonging to only one isolated category.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 14, 79
What is category overloading in relation to perspective problems?
Category overloading occurs when the same perspective term, type or process legitimately belongs to more than one top-level category.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 15, 79
What is correspondence or equivalence in relation to perspective problems?
Equivalence / Correspondence Problem (Monocular Perspective) The so-called ‘correspondence’ and/or ‘equivalence’ problem(s) of monocular perspective; refer to the fact that (typically) a 2-D image of a 3-D object does not contain sufficient information to unambiguously identify the geometry of said 3-D object (ref. object shape/size/location/orientation). Several visual analysis techniques are used to tackle this problem; including modelling of perspective phenomena, use of shape grammars, perspective frameworks, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 150, 415
What is planes and visual angles in relation to perspective problems?
Planes / Visual Angles Problem of Perspective The eye measures visual angles, reflecting an object's apparent size on a spherical retina, while perspective measures size through projection onto a picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 397
What is real and simulated reality in relation to perspective problems?
Perspective raises a problem of reality because a view or image is not the same thing as the spatial reality it represents. A flat or single-view image must be interpreted to infer a three-dimensional scene, while graphical, optical and simulated images can correspond to physical reality to different degrees. The PRC therefore treats relations among physical, represented and simulated reality as an interpretive problem.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 414-415
What is scale, shape and size in relation to perspective problems?
Scale, shape and size are linked perspective problems because an object's apparent or measured image size and shape vary with distance, viewpoint, foreshortening, projection geometry, scale and resolution. The PRC therefore treats them as interdependent rather than assuming that a single projected outline directly specifies the object's true form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Scale/Shape/Size Problem entry; Volume 1 2.1, p. 80
What is shape sufficiency and levels of abstraction in relation to perspective problems?
The Shape-Sufficiency Problem asks whether a single visible or projected shape contains enough information to specify the underlying object or spatial reality. Because apparent shape varies with viewpoint, projection, scale and level of abstraction, the PRC treats shape as only one part of a larger set of cues needed for reliable interpretation or reconstruction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 459; Volume 1 2.1, p. 80
What is space in relation to perspective problems?
The Problem of Space arises because space itself is invisible and must be inferred or structured from views and images. The Dictionary therefore emphasises geometrical assumptions and reference structures—axes, lines, planes, grids and horizons—to segment, measure and decode spatial reality and to relate image space back to object space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 415
What is time in relation to perspective problems?
The Problem of Time concerns the fact that perspective systems represent not only space but events and change across time. Conventional images and image streams capture only limited time ranges and rates, so the Dictionary proposes richer multi-time and linked image structures for recording, comparing and exploring processes across different temporal scales.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 416
What is validity of linear perspective in relation to perspective problems?
According to Pavel Florensky, linear perspective is based on 6 premises, which Florensky argued are false:; We live not in Euclidean but in a visual space which is bounded, finite and distorted;; Beholder is not the centre of world;; Point-of-view ignores binocular aspects;; Fixed position of beholder is not the usual case;; The whole world is not static;; Excludes all psychophysiological processes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 517
What is viewpoint in relation to perspective problems?
The Problem of Viewpoint is that an object's projected appearance changes with the observer or camera position. Every viewpoint therefore gives useful but partial information about three-dimensional form; reconstructing or modelling a scene adequately often requires multiple coordinated views rather than treating one image as complete.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 416
What is Process perspective?
A perspective process is an operation through which a spatial object, scene, image or view is formed, captured, calculated, projected, represented, simulated, displayed or interpreted. Perspective processes may be natural or artificial and can operate within either the Viewing or Imaging Class or the Projecting Class.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 374
What is Perspective Process (Contact)?
Perspective Process (Contact) is a visual-perspective process in which a spatial object or scene is surveyed through direct physical contact or material sensing rather than only through distant optical viewing. The Dictionary relates it to contact perspective and to processes such as moulding or casting.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 374
What is Perspective Process (natural and artificial types)?
Perspective processes may be natural or artificial. Natural processes arise from spatial relationships and naturally occurring optical or visual conditions. Artificial processes involve deliberately constructed, calculated, captured, projected, simulated or represented images using graphical, mathematical, optical, instrument or New Media methods. These are modes of operation rather than additional basic directional classes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 374
What is Perspective Process (Optical)?
Perspective Process is an optical perspective process uses, or purports to use, light or other electromagnetic radiation to form, capture, present or project views and images of spatial objects and scenes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 374
What is Product perspective?
A perspective product is an outcome produced by a perspective process. The Dictionary includes detailed visual images, measurements, calculations, representations, models and views, together with information about whole/part relations, figure, size, scale, position, state or activity derived from a perspective image and its spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 374
How can I tell whether a perspective projection calculation is correct?
Check that all image points are generated from one consistent centre of projection and image plane, that depth division is handled correctly, and that parallel spatial directions produce the expected vanishing behaviour. Known test points, straight-line preservation and limiting cases can be used to verify the calculation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
How do you derive a perspective projection matrix from its components?
A perspective projection matrix is built from the camera or viewing geometry: field of view or focal scale, aspect ratio, near and far depth limits, and the chosen coordinate conventions. In homogeneous coordinates the matrix performs the projective mapping, followed by division by the depth-related homogeneous coordinate.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
How does perspective projection work?
Perspective projection maps spatial points from a finite centre of projection onto an image surface. On a flat picture plane, rays from the station point intersect the plane to determine image points; receding directions can therefore converge to finite vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
Is a perspective transformation the same as perspective projection?
A homography is a projective transformation between planes, often used to map one planar image view to another. Perspective projection is the broader process of projecting three-dimensional geometry from a viewpoint; a homography can represent the induced mapping for a plane but not arbitrary 3-D depth by itself.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
Is perspective projection a linear transformation?
Not in ordinary Euclidean image coordinates. Central perspective involves division by depth, so the mapping from three-dimensional coordinates to the final two-dimensional image is not an affine or ordinary linear transformation, although it can be represented linearly in homogeneous projective coordinates before normalisation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
Is perspective projection affine?
Not in ordinary Euclidean image coordinates. Central perspective involves division by depth, so the mapping from three-dimensional coordinates to the final two-dimensional image is not an affine or ordinary linear transformation, although it can be represented linearly in homogeneous projective coordinates before normalisation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
Is perspective projection linear?
Not in ordinary Euclidean image coordinates. Central perspective involves division by depth, so the mapping from three-dimensional coordinates to the final two-dimensional image is not an affine or ordinary linear transformation, although it can be represented linearly in homogeneous projective coordinates before normalisation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is a tilted perspective projection?
A tilted perspective projection is a central projection in which the viewing direction or picture plane is tilted relative to principal object directions. This can make verticals or other line families converge toward additional finite vanishing points, producing configurations such as three-point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is perspective projection in computer graphics?
In technical and computational contexts, perspective projection models how three-dimensional points map to an image from a finite viewpoint. The same central-projection geometry underlies camera models, rendering, photogrammetry, computer vision and many engineering perspective constructions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is perspective projection in computer vision?
In technical and computational contexts, perspective projection models how three-dimensional points map to an image from a finite viewpoint. The same central-projection geometry underlies camera models, rendering, photogrammetry, computer vision and many engineering perspective constructions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is perspective projection in engineering drawing?
In technical and computational contexts, perspective projection models how three-dimensional points map to an image from a finite viewpoint. The same central-projection geometry underlies camera models, rendering, photogrammetry, computer vision and many engineering perspective constructions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is perspective projection in image processing?
In technical and computational contexts, perspective projection models how three-dimensional points map to an image from a finite viewpoint. The same central-projection geometry underlies camera models, rendering, photogrammetry, computer vision and many engineering perspective constructions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is the difference between an orthographic and perspective projection?
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection in which projectors are perpendicular to the image plane. It preserves true scale in planes parallel to the projection plane and does not use finite vanishing points, making it fundamental to plans, elevations and technical drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is the difference between orthographic and perspective projection?
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection in which projectors are perpendicular to the image plane. It preserves true scale in planes parallel to the projection plane and does not use finite vanishing points, making it fundamental to plans, elevations and technical drawing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is weak perspective projection?
Weak perspective is an approximation to full central perspective used when depth variation is small compared with average viewing distance. It replaces depth-dependent scale changes with an approximately uniform scale, simplifying computation while retaining some projective appearance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Perspective Projection in Colposcopy?
Perspective projection in colposcopy refers to medical-imaging methods that use captured views and spatial reconstruction or rendering to represent the cervix and surrounding anatomy with interpretable depth. In the PRC framework it is a technical medical-imaging application of perspective projection rather than a drawing method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 375
What is Perspective Projection Mode?
A perspective projection mode is the particular form of projection used by a method or system. Modes include central or linear, parallel, spherical, anamorphic, line-of-sight and other non-standard arrangements, with further subtypes such as one-, two- and three-point, orthographic, axonometric and oblique projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 375
What is Puzzle perspective?
Perspective Puzzle is a visual trick or illusion based on a visual/optical/technical perspective method or phenomenon.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 375
How does the Perspective Research Centre define perspective?
The PRC treats perspective not simply as a drawing technique but as an interdisciplinary field concerned with how spatial reality is seen, optically imaged, geometrically projected, represented, transformed and understood.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Room perspective?
Perspective Room is a room that employs simulated and/or possibly synthetic perspective images to create perspective views that are in one way or another different in appearance from that of a natural room of the same apparent size/ shape.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 376
What is Scale perspective?
Projection-scale is a factor that is inherent to a perspective image, being the optical magnification employed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 377
What is Perspective Scale Resolution?
Projection scale resolution is the smallest level of structural detail—or size interval (in object space units)— discernible within a perspective image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 377
What is Schema perspective?
Perspective Schema is a term used by James Elkins that refers to a simplified visual motif that represents the entire field of perspective, a single method or class of methods, all the essential elements of perspective, or perhaps just the linear perspective type.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 377
What is Screen perspective?
Perspective Screen is a synonym for Perspective window or picture pane upon which the artist sketches a drawing of spatial scene as it appears on said screen/window.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 377
What is Space perspective?
Space Perspective is a historical or art-theoretical term for the represented or fictive space suggested within a picture. The Dictionary treats this as a narrower use and prefers the more general terms image space or perspective space when discussing the space in which a perspective representation is formed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Space Perspective entry
What is Perspective Space (B): 1?
Perspective Space (B):1 refers to image space: the space in which the resulting perspective image, view, model or representation is formed, located or perceived. It is distinguished from target or object space, which contains the scene or object being viewed or represented.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 378
What is Perspective Space (B): 2 Transformation Sense?
The transformed spatial appearance produced when a perspective process relates object or target space to image or perspective space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 378
What does image mean in Perspective Space?
In Perspective Space, image refers to the resulting visual representation formed in image space rather than the spatial object or scene in target space. A perspective image may be one-, two- or three-dimensional and may be real or virtual, depending on the system that forms it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 347, 378
What does optical mean in Perspective Space?
In this context, Perspective Space - Optical refers to optical space is the space of a natural/optical or visual reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 378
What does target mean in Perspective Space?
In the Dictionary, Perspective Space (Target) is the object or target space addressed by a perspective system, as distinct from the image space in which the resulting view or representation is formed. An image produced by one system can itself become the target for a later perspective process.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 378
What does visual mean in Perspective Space?
In this context, Perspective Space - Visual refers to visual image space as formed and experienced through the human visual system; a Visual Perspective Type 2 form of image or perspective space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 378
What is Sphere perspective?
A perspective sphere is the two-dimensional projected image or representation of a three-dimensional sphere. Its outline is determined by the projection geometry, including the rays tangent to the sphere and their intersection with the image or picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 378
What is Square perspective?
A perspective square is a square represented or projected within a perspective system. When the square lies on a receding plane in central perspective, its sides are related to the appropriate vanishing directions and its apparent shape is foreshortened. Perspective squares are commonly used as units within perspective grids and measured constructions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 379
What is Structure perspective?
Structure Perspective refers to a perspective image or representation concerned with the spatial structure of an object or scene. The emphasis is on the arrangement and relationships of its forms rather than on a separate projection category.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Structure Perspective entry
What is System perspective?
Perspective System is an organised arrangement of components and processes operating as a unit to view, form, capture, project, measure, represent, simulate, display or interpret spatial information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 379; Volume 1 2.1, p. 78
What is a perspective table?
Perspective Table has several specialised uses in the Dictionary, including table-top physical models and table-mounted or table-like visual/display systems used to present spatial or perspective information. The exact sense therefore depends on whether the context is architectural modelling, display technology or a named technical method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 379
What is Target perspective?
Perspective Target Refers to a 3-D scene and/or 1-D/2-D/3-D object in a target spatial reality, or a physical, mathematical, artificial, or imaginary scene/object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 380
Is perspective the same as depth?
No. Depth is the spatial dimension or apparent distance through a scene; perspective is the wider system of viewing or representation that can produce and organise depth cues. Perspective can therefore create an impression of depth, but the two terms are not identical.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
Is perspective the same as point of view?
No. A point of view or viewpoint is the observer’s position and direction of view. Perspective includes that viewpoint but also the projection geometry, image form, spatial relationships and visual effects that result from it.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Toys perspective?
Perspective Toys is a "perspective toy" refers to objects or techniques that play with perspective, often through optical illusions, such as small toys appearing large (forced perspective) or miniature worlds inside items like test tubes, creating depth and scale shifts for artistic or playful effects, often seen in photography or home decor. It also describes toys that teach perspective or create toy-like photo effects, like tilt-shift.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 380
What is Type perspective?
Perspective Type is a particular method, system, process or subdivision within one or more perspective categories.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 381
What is Perspective Uki-e?
Perspective Uki-e is a genre of Eastern woodblock prints that use Western linear perspective to create a sense of depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 381
What is Uphill perspective?
Uphill perspective represents a road, ground surface or other plane that rises away from the observer. Parallel lines extending along the slope converge toward a vanishing point on that inclined plane’s vanishing line, commonly above the ordinary horizon. Level and sloping planes can therefore have different vanishing points because their orientations differ.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 516
How is perspective used in architecture?
For an interior or architectural view, establish the eye level, station point or intended viewing direction, picture plane and principal vanishing points. Construct the room or building as measured planes and boxes, then transfer heights and repeated features such as doors and windows with measuring lines, diagonals or grids.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How was perspective used to create greater realism in Flemish art?
Flemish artists used several depth devices, including careful scale change, overlap, detailed surface description and atmospheric effects. Renaissance linear perspective was only one part of a broader range of methods for increasing spatial realism.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is Perspective versus Orthographic Projection?
Perspective Projection enables us to represent objects as they appear to the eye, whilst in plane geometry, or, as it is sometimes called, Orthographic Projection, we are able by means of Plans and Elevations, to represent objects as they really are.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 382
What is a perspective view?
A perspective view is the appearance or representation of a spatial scene from a particular viewpoint according to a perspective system. It may be a live optical view, a photograph, a drawing or a computed projection.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is View perspective?
Type 1: Natural perspective view Live or real-time optical view (made by a camera, optical device, or as projected onto the retina within the eye) of a spatial object/scene in object space, and as projected into image/perspective space (i.e. fixed/stationary perspective image).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 382; Volume 1 2.1, p. 11, 22, 23, 28, 39, 41, 71, 72, 78, 80, 82, 88, 93, 101, 107, 111, 115, 116, 147, 157, 161, 172, 183, 189, 191, 193, 199, 200, 229, 230, 233, 235, 239, 240, 244, 247, 252, 254, 256
What is Perspective View (primary)?
Perspective View Refers to the natural or primary perspective view (or live / real-time view) created by visual perspective (second type) or by instrument perspective (camera), and whilst directly viewing spatial reality (ref. physical reality).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 382
What does concept of mean in Perspective View / Image?
The Dictionary’s ‘Perspective View / Image — Concept of’ entry explains perspective representation through the geometrical structure of objects. Complex forms can be analysed through points, lines, planes and familiar solids such as cubes, prisms, pyramids and cylinders; their projected outlines then provide a basis for representing three-dimensional forms accurately in two-dimensional perspective space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 383
What is Wall perspective?
Perspective Wall is a focus plus context information visualisation technique called the Perspective Wall for visualising linear information by smoothly integrating detailed and contextual views.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 383
How does Perspective work?
Perspective works through projection from a viewpoint. As direction and distance change, objects subtend different visual angles: farther forms diminish, receding directions converge, planes foreshorten and overlaps change. Drawings and images reproduce or model these relationships to create an impression of spatial depth.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
How does perspective work irl?
Perspective works through projection from a viewpoint. As direction and distance change, objects subtend different visual angles: farther forms diminish, receding directions converge, planes foreshorten and overlaps change. Drawings and images reproduce or model these relationships to create an impression of spatial depth.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is 1-D Perspective?
1-D Perspective is a one-dimensional perspective representation of a point or other one-dimensional target, expressed as a one-dimensional view, image, measurement or calculation. The Dictionary uses it as part of a dimensional sequence extending through 2-D and 3-D perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 16
What is 1-D — 2-D — 3-D — A Axonometric Projection System?
Axonometric Foreshortening (Aspect Foreshortening) Synonym for aspect foreshortening (1), or geometrical projection foreshortening (ostensibly independent of the optical or pure perspectival foreshortening facet due to the size/distance law).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 60
What is 2-D Perspective?
2-D Perspective is a perspective representation of two-dimensional form. The Dictionary uses the term for one- or two-dimensional perspective images or measurements of a two-dimensional line or planar shape, which may itself lie within a two- or three-dimensional object space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 16
What is 2.5-D Perspective?
Computer Games: Sky-box or Sky-dome 3-D. In video games, 2.5-D perspective describes movement or representation largely restricted to a twodimensional plane within an environment that appears three-dimensional.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 16; Volume 1 2.1, p. 215, 217
What is 2.5-D Perspective (A): Computer Games: Sky-box or Sky-dome 3-D?
This 2.5-D Perspective form refers to computer-game techniques such as sky-boxes or sky-domes that create the appearance of a surrounding three-dimensional environment while using fundamentally two-dimensional or limited-depth image structures. It lies between ordinary 2-D imagery and fully modelled 3-D space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 16
What is 2.5-D Perspective (B): Techniques: 3/4 Perspective; Pseudo-3- D?
Techniques: 3/4 Perspective; Pseudo-3-D. So-called 2.5-D, 3/4 perspective, and pseudo-3-D describe graphical projections and techniques that try to give an impression of spatial depth, typically using parallel projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 16
What is 2d perspective?
2-D perspective can refer to a perspective representation on a two-dimensional image surface or to the representation of two-dimensional forms under perspective transformation. The Dictionary distinguishes dimensionality of object space, image space and represented form rather than treating “2-D perspective” as one single method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What are the 3 points of perspective?
In ordinary three-point perspective, the three principal vanishing points correspond to the three principal spatial directions of a box or rectilinear object. Two are usually associated with horizontal directions and the third with the vertical direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is 3-D (Artificial Representation)?
3-D Artificial Representation is the artificial representation of three-dimensional spatial reality through one of several image or modelling arrangements. The Dictionary distinguishes forms ranging from fixed uni-angular representations to stereoscopic, holographic, spherical, immersive and other multi-view or omnidirectional systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 16, 20–22
What is 3-D Perspective?
3-D Perspective is a broad Dictionary category covering representations or experiences of three-dimensional spatial form. Its forms include pictorial depth illusion, three-dimensional modelling, stereoscopic and holographic representations, spherical panoramas and other systems with fixed, multiple or changing viewing angles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 20–22
What is 3-D Perspective (2): Illusion Types: A, B, C, D?
The Dictionary divides 3-D perspective illusion into four principal types: a flat-picture or plane-surface depth illusion; 3-D modelling perspective; stereoscopic mirror or virtual-reality views; and stereoscopic views of a false or artificially modified spatial reality. These distinguish different ways in which an impression of three-dimensional depth can be produced.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 21
What is 3-D Perspective (3): Representation (A, B, C)?
For 3-D Perspective as representation, the Dictionary distinguishes three viewing-angle classes: A, a uni-angular monocular or fixed-angle binocular image; B, a limited multi-angular binocular image such as a hologram; and C, an unlimited-angle image such as an immersive virtual-reality or related system allowing roaming viewpoints.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 21–22
What is 3-D Perspective (4): Spherical Panorama?
3-D Perspective (4) is the Dictionary's spherical-panorama form: a technical imaging or projecting perspective that captures or represents a full 360-degree surrounding scene as a spherical panorama. It relates to total, circular, curvilinear and sphere-of-vision perspective systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 22
What are 3-D Visual Perspective: Classes?
Within Perspective Category Theory, visual perspective processes are separated into two basic directional classes. In the Viewing or Imaging Class, views, images or spatial information are formed or captured from a scene. In the Projecting Class, light, images, shadows or spatial information are projected forwards into physical, optical, graphical or simulated space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 26
What is 3-D/2-D Perspective or Omnidirectional Perspective Display?
3-D/2-D Perspective, or Omnidirectional Perspective Display, is a swept-plane display form in which a flat two-dimensional image presents the same aspect from viewpoints around a full 360 degrees. The displayed image therefore remains geometrically invariant as the observer moves around it, unlike an ordinary viewpoint-dependent 3-D object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 26
What is 360-degree perspective?
Spherical perspective maps directions from a viewpoint onto a spherical or equivalent omnidirectional image surface. It can represent a full or near-full surrounding field and therefore differs fundamentally from a single flat rectilinear picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What are the 4 principles of perspective?
Core perspective principles include a viewpoint or centre of projection, spatial direction, projection to an image surface, diminution with distance, foreshortening and the vanishing behaviour of receding lines and planes. Particular methods add their own construction and measurement rules.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What are the 4 types of perspective?
There is no authoritative list of only three or four types. The Dictionary identifies about 1,200 named types and forms spanning natural, visual, optical, graphical, mathematical, technical, photographic, curvilinear, parallel, simulated and many specialist systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is 4-D perspective?
“4-D perspective” is not a single standard drawing system. In the Dictionary, higher-dimensional and New Media forms are distinguished from ordinary one-, two- and three-point constructions; any 4-D representation necessarily projects or models higher-dimensional relationships in a lower-dimensional image or display.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
Why does a 50mm lens appear to give a human perspective, rather than a normal lens?
No single focal length literally reproduces human vision. A 50 mm lens on a 35 mm-format camera is often called “normal” because its field and magnification can look familiar under common viewing conditions, but perspective itself depends primarily on camera position, not focal length.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is Perspective, not categorised?
The Dictionary's uncategorised Perspective entry gathers uses that do not fit neatly under one more specific named category. These can include natural or environmental perspective images and other broad uses that require context before a more precise classification is assigned.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective uncategorised entry
What is Perspective-Taking?
Perspective-Taking can mean taking or capturing a visual perspective from a viewpoint, and it can also mean understanding another observer's visual position or point of view. The intended sense depends on whether the context is imaging or perception.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective-Taking entry
What is Phantom Perspective?
Phantom Perspective refers to name of an artwork by Paul Klee from 1920 depicting a room projected partly in linear perspective, and partly in parallel, translucent and rabattement perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 385
How do photo booths manage perspective / subject distance?
Use a greater camera-to-face distance to reduce exaggerated near-far proportions, then choose focal length or crop to obtain the desired framing. Very close viewpoints make noses and other near features disproportionately large; that is a viewpoint effect rather than simply a lens defect.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
How does Photogrammetric Imaging System relate to optical perspective?
Photogrammetric Imaging System is a photogrammetric imaging system uses photographs to create 3-D models of objects, environments, or people.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 386
How does Photograph relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Photograph is relevant because ) The world’s first photograph made in a camera was taken in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 386
What is photo perspective?
Photographic perspective is the spatial appearance produced when a camera projects a scene from its viewpoint onto the sensor or film. Camera position principally determines relative size and convergence relationships; framing and focal length determine how much of that projected view is recorded or enlarged.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is photographic perspective?
Photographic perspective is the spatial appearance produced when a camera projects a scene from its viewpoint onto the sensor or film. Camera position principally determines relative size and convergence relationships; framing and focal length determine how much of that projected view is recorded or enlarged.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What is physical perspective?
Physical perspective concerns arrangements or transformations in the actual spatial scene itself rather than only in a drawn image. The Dictionary uses physical methods for real-world changes of scale, position, geometry or viewing arrangement that create perspective effects.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Physical Perspective (A, B)?
1: Synonym for physical model. 2: Synonym for sculpture, tactile perspective, or contact / casting perspective. Physical Perspective (A, B) (or Multi-Size and Fixed Object Shape Perspective; << NEW / REFINED Term >>; Multi-Scale Polygon; Self Duel; Kinetic Art; Desargues Perspective; Hoberman Sphere) A: Physical perspective: Fixed or rigid-sized / rigid-shaped objects Patently, physical objects, or non-symmetrical polygons, appear to project different apparent forms/shapes depending upon viewpoint, viewing angle, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 388
What is Physical space in perspective geometry?
Physical space is a familiar form of graphical and Framing Segmenting mathematical perspective is Renaissance linear perspective, which rationalises Ordering spatial representation by framing, segmenting, ordering, indexing, measuring, Indexing mapping and gauging physical space.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 19, 40, 44, 68, 69, 81, 89, 90, 92, 112, 114, 123, 124, 140, 158, 179, 212, 230, 234, 235, 237-239, 247
What role did Pablo Picasso play in the history of perspective?
Hyperbolic Perspective Notably, Pablo Picasso [1881–1973] and David Hockney [1937–2026] Tetraconic Perspective integrate time into spatial representation. Dick Termes [1941–] compares onePolyconic Perspective to six-point perspective on spheres, while Correia (2015) developed software for Multi-View Perspective transitions between linear and spherical perspectives. The Oakes twins (2011) Cubist Perspective also devised a simple perspectival machine.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 40, 63, 199
What is Picture Perspective?
Picture Perspective is used in the Dictionary as another name for linear perspective: the geometrical representation of spatial appearance on a picture surface by a central-projection construction. The term stresses the resulting pictorial representation rather than introducing a separate projection system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 390
What happens to lines parallel to the picture plane?
The picture plane is the surface onto which the perspective image is projected or constructed. In ordinary linear perspective it is a flat plane placed between or in relation to the viewpoint and the scene; intersections of projectors with it determine image positions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is picture plane in perspective drawing?
The picture plane is the surface onto which the perspective image is projected or constructed. In ordinary linear perspective it is a flat plane placed between or in relation to the viewpoint and the scene; intersections of projectors with it determine image positions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Picture Plane in perspective geometry?
Object / Lines on The only true sized lines in a linear perspective graphical construction are lines that lie wholly within the picture plane; and these lengths can be projected (along vanishing lines/planes) into the perspective image space to find the true lengths of lines located at any depth position or on planes at any angle/position.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 391; Volume 1 2.1, p. 15, 19, 29, 30, 32, 38-40, 44, 45, 47, 55, 57- 59, 78, 88-90, 92, 107, 109, 110, 112-116, 121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 139, 154, 203, 204, 251
What does behind object mean in relation to the picture plane?
In this context, Picture Plane - behind Object refers to behind Object Synonym for Projection Perspective (image is projected forwards into reality!).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 392
What does illusion of reality mean in relation to the picture plane?
In this context, Picture Plane - Illusion of reality refers to in central perspective, the picture surface is a transparent vertical screen (the picture plane or perspectivewindow), placed between the artist and his/her subject, on which he traces the outlines as they appear from a single fixed viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 392
What does in-front of object mean in relation to the picture plane?
Picture Plane - in-front of Object is Synonym for perspective Image formation (image is projected backwards onto picture plane!).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 392
What does limitations mean in relation to the picture plane?
The picture plane is a powerful geometrical model but has limits. The Dictionary notes that ordinary rectilinear linear perspective gives its most satisfactory undistorted result only over a restricted field of view; very wide fields can produce strong lateral distortion, and a single flat plane cannot reproduce every aspect of wide-field natural vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 390
What does multiple mean in relation to the picture plane?
Picture Plane - multiple Refers to a perspective image in which multiple views (taken from different viewpoints and/or multiple viewing angles) are overlaid one on top of another / or next to one another, and thus to create a kind of multiview perspective that depicts a scene with multiple spatial zones, scales, angles, or depths, etc. Ergo aspects of a scene’s spatial geometry may be altered, exaggerated, or minimised, relative to reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 390
What does perspective mean in relation to the picture plane?
In this context, Picture Plane - Perspective refers to perspective Synonym for the linear perspective method. Picture Position (on gallery wall) Pictures are typically hung according to their painted style and perspective. Horizon lines at eye level indicate smaller, closer spaces, while larger paintings are placed higher to align with distant views.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 392
What does physical window mean in relation to the picture plane?
In this context, Picture Plane - Physical Window refers to ) A glass sheet placed upright (perpendicular) before your eyes (or transparent net, veil, etc).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 392
What does types mean in relation to the picture plane?
In this context, Picture Plane - Types refers to picture Plane / Plane of projection (Types) 1: Linear Perspective: a transparent vertical plane supposed to exist somewhere between the spectator's eye and the object to be represented.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 391
What does validity of mean in relation to the picture plane?
In this context, Picture Plane - Validity of refers to experts have questioned the validity of linear perspective and the planar or at picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 391
What is Pigeon Hole Perspective?
Pigeon Hole Perspective is a type of two-dimensional (vertical and horizontal vanishing axis) axial, herringbone or vanishing axis scheme of perspective that results in a box-like or compartmentalised ‘tiled’ view of a scene in which we have a central vanishing point for each box.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 393
How does Pin-Hole Camera relate to optical perspective?
Pin-Hole Camera is a pinhole camera simple camera without a lens, but with a tiny aperture (the so-called pinhole)—a lightproof box with a small hole in one side.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 393
What is Pin-Hole Camera Perspective?
Synonymous with a linear perspective projection or a graphical image so constructed (within certain reservations in relation to lens distortion where a lens is used in the aperture of the ‘pin-hole’ camera to increase the light-gathering power of the instrument).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 393
How does Pixel relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Pixel is relevant because sensor Pixel A pixel on a sensor collects photons to convert them into photoelectrons, supporting the measurement of both photon intensity and direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 394
What is Plan Perspective?
Plan Perspective Refers to a plan viewpoint in a technical drawing made according to the rules of parallel perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 395
What is Planar Perspective?
Planar Perspective is treated in the Dictionary as a cross-reference to central, linear and graphical perspective. It therefore denotes perspective organised on a plane picture surface rather than a separate fundamentally different perspective category.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 395
What is Plane of Horizon in perspective geometry?
Plane of Horizon is a synonym for the Horizon Plane: the horizontal reference plane passing through the observer’s eye or station point. Where this plane intersects the picture plane it establishes the ordinary horizon line for horizontal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 396; Horizon Plane entry
What is Plane of Projection?
Plane of Projection: Synonym for: Picture Plane (1) / Perspective Window The notional paper or artist’s canvas stretched on a frame or board, making a plane surface, it may be supposed standing perpendicular to the ground plane, between the object and observer.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 396
What is Plane of Sight in perspective geometry?
Angle of Vision (1); Axis Line; Axis of Cone of Vision; Direction of Projection; Central Plane; Central Visual Plane; Visual Perspective (2nd type); Graphical Perspective; Linear Perspective) Plane of Sight: Synonym for Sight Line / Plane: Vertical or Horizontal Plane Relates to: Central Axis of Vision: Direction of Vision The horizontal or vertical Plane of Sight, or sight plane, extends from the observer’s eye to in nity.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 396
What is Plane-Projection Perspective?
Plane-Projection Perspective is routed in the Dictionary to Plane Table Perspective, a graphical surveying method. It therefore belongs to the family of measured projection and mapping techniques rather than being another name for ordinary one-, two- or three-point pictorial perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 397
What are planes and visual angles problem in perspective geometry?
Planes / Visual Angles Problem of Perspective The eye measures visual angles, reflecting an object's apparent size on a spherical retina, while perspective measures size through projection onto a picture plane. This causes planar objects with smaller visual angles to create smaller images compared to those in linear perspective at the same depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 397
What are planes inclined to picture plane in perspective geometry?
A plane inclined to the picture plane is projected obliquely and therefore normally exhibits aspect foreshortening. In central linear perspective it can also show perspectival foreshortening as its parts occupy different depths relative to the viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 397
What are planes parallel to picture plane in perspective geometry?
A plane parallel to the picture plane has no angular recession relative to it. Lines and shapes lying in such a plane do not acquire depth foreshortening merely from their orientation; at a given depth they are represented as frontal forms, although their overall projected scale still depends on their distance from the viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 398
What is Planes/Visual Angles Problem of Perspective?
Planes / Visual Angles Problem of Perspective The eye measures visual angles, reflecting an object's apparent size on a spherical retina, while perspective measures size through projection onto a picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 397
What is Planisphere Projection/Perspective?
Planisphere Projection / Perspective (Star Chart) A planisphere projection is a flat representation of a sphere, such as the celestial sphere, on a plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 399
What is Playful Perspective?
Playful Perspective refers to reference to the artworks of Paolo Uccelo; for example images exploring the geometry of animals, figures and objects as well as the mathematics of three-dimensional spaces.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 401
What is Plural Perspective?
Plural perspective can refer to a variety of things, including a writing style, an educational approach, or a social media newsletter.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 401
What is Pocket Perspective?
Pocket perspective refers either to Brunelleschi’s small hand-held perspective demonstration involving a painted view and mirror, or more generally to portable perspective or viewing devices small enough to be carried and used by hand, such as mirrors or compact optical instruments.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 401
What point perspective do we see in?
Human vision is not confined to one-, two- or three-point graphical perspective. Those are convenient classifications of rectilinear projection. Natural visual perspective contains a much richer field of directions and potential vanishing relationships, especially across a wide field of view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Point Projection Perspective?
Point Projection Perspective is a projection produced from one finite centre of projection or station point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 404
What is Polar Perspective?
Polar Perspective is a system of perspective developed by Fernando K. Casas which represents not only the three spatial dimensions of euclidean space, but also the dimension of time.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 405
What is Poly Perspective?
Poly Perspective is used for multiple-perspective representation. In its visual sense, several viewpoints or views can be captured, linked or mapped together; in a broader literal sense it can also mean presenting a subject through multiple perspectives or interpretations.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Poly Perspective entry
What is Polyconic Perspective?
Polyconic Perspective refers to the polyconic map-projection family. In the ordinary polyconic projection, different latitude strips are associated with different tangent cones; parallels become circular arcs with true scale, and scale is also true along the central meridian. It is neither equal-area nor conformal.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 406; Volume 1 2.1, p. 40
What is Polyconic Projection (ordinary)?
The Ordinary Polyconic Projection, also known as the American Polyconic Projection, is a map projection method that uses many cones to project the Earth's surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 406
What is Polydimensional Projection?
Polydimensional projection is a technique for creating a continuous map projection by optimising a triangular mesh.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 406
What is Position (Spherical space) in perspective geometry?
Position in spherical space is specified on a spherical rather than an ordinary Cartesian plane. Directions can be represented by angular coordinates on the sphere, and the shortest or ‘straight’ routes on the spherical surface follow great circles. This framework is useful for spherical, celestial and panoramic perspective systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 408
How should i practice perspective as a character artist and how do i put characters in perspective that aren’t just doing the T-pose?
Start with simple boxes in one-point and two-point perspective. Learn eye level, station point, picture plane and vanishing directions first; then practise grids, repeated intervals, circles, rotations and simple interiors before moving to complex organic forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Primary Constancy Scaling Projection?
Primary Constancy Scaling Projection is linked in the Dictionary with primary size constancy: the visual or representational scaling process by which an object's perceived size tends to remain relatively stable despite changes in retinal or projected image size with distance.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Primary Constancy Scaling / Size Constancy entries
What is Primary Projection?
Primary projection refers to the principal orthographic views used in technical and descriptive geometry, especially plan or top, front elevation and side elevation. These views are formed with parallel projectors perpendicular to the relevant projection plane and can be combined as a multiview representation of a three-dimensional object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 410; Volume 1 2.1, p. 116
What is Principle of Perspective?
The basic Principle of Perspective in central projection is that object points are joined to a fixed centre of projection or station point. Where those projectors intersect the picture plane determines the corresponding image points—the picture is therefore a section through the visual cone or pyramid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 411
What is Principles (Rules of Linear Perspective)?
The principal rules of rectilinear central perspective relate spatial directions to their projections. Straight object lines normally project as straight image lines; a family of parallel lines not parallel to the picture plane converges toward one corresponding finite vanishing point; directions parallel to the picture plane have no finite vanishing point; and apparent scale diminishes with increasing depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 414
What are the principles or rules of linear perspective?
The principal rules of rectilinear central perspective relate spatial directions to their projections. Straight object lines normally project as straight image lines; a family of parallel lines not parallel to the picture plane converges toward one corresponding finite vanishing point; directions parallel to the picture plane have no finite vanishing point; and apparent scale diminishes with increasing depth.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 411
What is Prism Perspective?
Use of a prism within a turret or periscope, or other optical device, which can be used to shift, divert, or translate a perspective view from one viewpoint or physical location to another.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 414
What is Problem of Scale in perspective geometry?
The problem of scale concerns the relation between physical size, projected image size and the resolution at which a perspective representation is made or viewed. Perspective projection changes apparent size with distance and orientation, while drawing, detector or display scale limits how much structural detail can be represented. Physical scale and projection scale must therefore be distinguished.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 415
What is the Problem of Scale in perspective?
The Problem of Scale has several distinct aspects: projective diminution with depth, the resolution at which something can be measured, and the practical scale used to draw or represent it. The Dictionary warns against treating these different meanings of scale as interchangeable.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 411
What is Problem of Space in perspective geometry?
Problem of Space refers to since space is invisible, we need ways to structure spatial reality to enable reverse-engineering of perspective views/images, or comprehension, of spatial scenes/objects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 415
What is Problem of Viewpoint in perspective geometry?
Problem of Viewpoint refers to all perspective methods face a fundamental issue: images of spatial objects from different viewpoints vary significantly in shape due to the specific optics and geometry of each viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 416; Volume 1 2.1, p. 81
What is Problematic Perspective?
Problematic perspective is a literacy strategy that involves reading, writing, and speaking to explore complex issues from multiple points of view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 416
What is professional perspective?
“Professional perspective” is not one single geometrical projection. It is best understood contextually as perspective methods used in professional practice, such as architecture, photography, engineering, design, imaging or computer graphics.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Profile Perspective?
Profile Perspective is indexed as a named perspective form associated with viewing or representing a subject principally from a side or profile aspect. It describes the aspect of view rather than, by itself, specifying whether the image uses central, parallel or another projection method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 416
What is Projected/Projective Perspective?
Projected or Projective Perspective refers broadly to a perspective image produced by projection, whether natural or artificial. The term stresses the projective process that maps spatial information into an image or representation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Projected/Projective Perspective entry
What is Projecting Class/Projection Perspective?
Projecting Class / Projection Perspective A process that projects light, images, shadows, lines or other structured information into or across physical, graphical, optical or simulated space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 417
What is Projection (onto a 2-D plane)?
Projection onto a 2-D plane is the representation of a spatial object or scene on a plane by straight projectors or rays running from visible object points to the plane of projection. In central or linear perspective those projectors originate from a centre of projection, and each object point is located where its projector intersects the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 417
What is Projection Mapping?
Projection mapping is similar to video mapping and spatial augmented reality, and is a projection technique used to turn objects, often irregularly shaped, into a display surface for video projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 417
What is Projection of a Figure?
Projection of a Figure refers to 1: Artificial / Natural / Visual (2nd type) Perspective (imaging class) How a spatial figure (1-D, 2-D or 3-D object), is projected by the rules of perspective backwards from spatial reality onto a picture plane as a 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D image (for example).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 417
What is Projection of a Sphere?
In orthographic projection onto a plane, a sphere projects with a circular outline. Other projected information, such as internal latitude/longitude structures or lighting, can vary with the particular projection and viewing arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Projection of a Sphere entry
What is projection perspective?
Projection perspective is a broad way of referring to perspective produced by projecting spatial information into an image or representation. The exact meaning depends on whether the projection is central, parallel, optical, graphical or another defined type.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Projection Perspective/Projecting Class?
Projection Perspective / Projecting Class A process that projects light, images, shadows, lines or other structured information into or across physical, graphical, optical or simulated space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 417
What is Projection Rule?
"Projection rule" in the context of perspective, generally refers to the geometric principles that govern how a 3-D object is mapped onto a 2-D surface, mimicking human vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 418
What is Projection Scale?
Projection scale is the relationship between the size of an object or scene in object space and the size of its projected image. It can be expressed as a ratio or magnification and depends on the projection arrangement. Changing projection scale changes the image size but does not by itself change the underlying physical object.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 418
What is Projection Scale Resolution?
Projection scale resolution is the amount of spatial or image detail that can be represented or distinguished at a given projection scale. As an object’s projected image becomes smaller, fine structural detail may fall below the resolution of the drawing, detector, display or visual system and therefore disappear.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 418
What is Projection Systems?
Projection Systems are organised methods for mapping spatial form into an image or representation. The Dictionary lists orthographic, horizontal and vertical oblique, general oblique, orthogonal converging, isometric and perspective projection among the principal types.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 418
What is Projection Types (Cartographic)?
The three broad cartographic projection families are conic, cylindrical and planar or azimuthal projections. Each maps the curved Earth to a flat surface using a different geometrical construction and therefore distributes distortion differently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 418
What is Projection-Angle Distortion Classes in perspective geometry?
Projection-angle distortion is classified by where the angular mismatch arises. Object-angle distortion comes mainly from the aspect at which the object is viewed; image-plane-angle distortion comes from the orientation or shape of the image plane; and combined projection-angle distortion results from both factors, as can occur in wide-field images.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 43
What is Projective Perspective?
Projective Perspective is an Intermediate or mixed Perspective (Ref. Fernande Saint-Martin). This expression is largely polysemic when used outside a strictly mathematical context.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 419
What is Proportion (and perspective constructions)?
Proportion refers to graphical and mathematical perspective techniques are rooted in standard geometric methods/ratios, simplifying the application and communication of linear and parallel perspectives.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 420
What is Proto / Pseudo-Scientific Perspective?
Proto / Pseudo-Scienti c Perspective Any represented image that exhibits certain natural perspective phenomena such as perspective of diminishing size, aspect of perspective, foreshortening, etc; but which does not have a single unified vanishing point for parallel orthogonal lines and so the space is not unified the modern sense.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 422
What is Proto Anamorphic Perspective?
Proto-anamorphic perspective is a synonym for semi-anamorphic perspective: a perspective image or view that is only partly anamorphic. Its projected form is distorted and is intended to become more recognisable from a particular viewpoint or through an appropriate optical arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 422
What is Pseudoconic Projection?
Pseudoconic Projection is a pseudoconic projection map projection that uses concentric circular arcs to represent parallels and concurrent curves to represent meridians.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 424
What is Pseudocylindrical Projection?
A pseudocylindrical projection is a map projection in which the parallels of latitude are straight and parallel while the meridians are curved, with the central meridian remaining straight. It is a non-perspective cartographic projection family used to represent a spherical surface on a plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 424
What is Ptolemy Projection?
Ptolemy projection refers to the map projections described in Claudius Ptolemy’s Geography. His first method uses straight converging meridians and curved parallels; his second uses curved meridians and curved parallels for a more globe-like representation; and a third method presents the inhabited hemisphere in a perspective-like armillary-sphere arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 425
What role did Claudius Ptolemy play in the history of perspective?
Ptolemy, Claudius (c.AD 100–c.170; Astronomy; Geography; Optics; Cartography) Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Roman scholar active in Alexandria. His Geography supplied coordinates for numerous places and instructions for constructing maps from latitude and longitude. He also wrote major works on astronomy, optics, mathematics and music.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 425
What is Pyramid of Vision/Sight Perspective?
Pyramid of Vision / Sight Perspective (Visual Perspective (2); Linear Perspective) Pyramid of Vision / Sight Perspective: Cone of Vision: (preferred term) — [See also: Visual Ray (2)] A so-called pyramid of vision/sight, or cone of vision, has its apex in the eye/imager/camera-oculus, and its base at the limits of visual depth; whereby the pyramid-of-sight refers to the visual field of each eye in a stationary position.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 427
What is Pyramid Perspective?
1: Pyramid of Spatial Recession 2: Pyramid of Vision 3: Synonym for central / linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 427
What is Pyramid Picture Plane Perspective?
Pyramid Picture Plane Perspective Refers to a perspective projection (natural or artificial) that employs a pyramidal-shaped picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 427
Q
What is Quality perspective?
Quality Perspective is a broad evaluative use of perspective concerned with the character or quality of a view or interpretation rather than a single geometrical projection rule. Its precise meaning depends on the Dictionary sense and context in which the term is used.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Quality Perspective entry
R
What is Radial Perspective?
Radial perspective is a perspective projection that employs a radial or circularly organised picture surface or image geometry. In the Dictionary it is closely related to circular perspective, in which spatial directions or image structure are organised around a centre rather than solely by the ordinary rectilinear picture-plane arrangement.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 429
What is Radial Projection?
Radial Projection is a synonym for central / linear perspective representation and/or view. A drawing of a spatial scene in which the projectors converge towards a point (the eye or station point). This is contrasted with orthographic projection, in which projectors are drawn parallel to one another and at right angles to the plane of projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 429
Why do railway tracks appear to meet?
Railway tracks appear to approach one another because their parallel direction recedes from the observer. Under perspective projection, equal lateral separation occupies a smaller visual angle with distance, so the two image lines converge toward the vanishing point for that spatial direction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Ratio of Division Perspective?
Ratio of Division Perspective Refers to looking at a situation where a whole quantity is being divided into parts, with the focus on the relative sizes/influence of those parts expressed as a ratio; essentially, it's about understanding how a whole is being split up proportionally between different elements, where the ratio signi es the proportion each part represents compared to the others.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 431
What is Rational Perspective?
Rational Perspective is a name for systematic one-, two- or three-point linear-perspective construction. The Dictionary also associates it with unified central perspective, in which each object-space direction has a consistent corresponding vanishing point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 431
How does Ray tracing relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Ray tracing is relevant because graphical representation: perspective window and ray-tracing methods. Representation: projection: magic lantern, film, and digital projector, television.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 53, 141, 203, 217
What is Real Perspective (1, 2: View Type)?
Real perspective view [process] (Real-time snapshot or moving view/image of a spatial reality) Process of attaining a live and (largely) unprocessed perspective view/image of a real or physically existent spatial scene or object; whereby said view/image is generated in real-time by an eye/camera or other imaging device observing the spatial scene/object such as an optical telescope or microscope.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 432
What is Rear Projection Film Production Technique?
Rear Projection Film Production Technique refers to rear projection combines prerecorded background footage with live foreground action.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 433
What is Rear Projection Illusion as a perspective phenomenon?
Rear Projection Illusion is a projected image cast from behind onto a transparent or semi-transparent fifilm attached to glass or acrylic, making the image appear to oat on or within the clear surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 433
What is Recession of Form Perspective?
Recession of Form Perspective Refers to any system/method/category/form of perspective that employs the size/distance law to create images of a spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 434
What is Reconstructed Perspective(s)?
Reconstructed Perspective refers to given only a small number of 2-D perspective image ’snapshots’ or one-sided images/views of a 3-D object/ scene; mathematical algorithms, plus computer techniques are employed to reconstruct an original 3-D perspective model that allows the object/scene to be viewed from ‘missing’ perspectives or aspects not present in the sampled dataset.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 434
What is Rectangular Polyconic Projection?
Rectangular Polyconic Projection is a polyconic map projection developed for representing relatively large terrestrial areas. It belongs to the cartographic family that uses different conic relationships across latitude rather than one single cone for the whole map.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Rectangular Polyconic Projection entry
What is Rectilinear Perspective?
Rectilinear Perspective is another name for linear perspective. In particular, it refers to an object or scene containing, or constructed from, rectilinear shapes such as a cube or rectangle; and with (as a minimum) straight line edges aligned in the orthogonal direction (one-point perspective), or sets of parallel lines aligned perfectly along the orthogonal direction (one-point perspective). A cube can also be aligned at an angle relative to the picture plane, and then be projected according to the rules of two or three-point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 435
What is Rectilinear Perspective (Lens)?
The perspective projection produced by a rectilinear lens, in which straight lines in the subject are ideally represented as straight lines in the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 436
What does graphics method mean in rectilinear perspective?
Rectilinear Perspective - Graphics Method is Synonym for component point method. Reference to a method of constructing a rectilinear or linear perspective graphical construction. Concerns the one-point, two-point and three-point graphical construction methods, whereby we have a fixed viewing spot or station point, at picture plane, ground plane and ground line, a 3-D object located on the ground plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 435
How does Reduced Distance Point relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Reduced Distance Point is relevant because perspective drawing: reduced distance points and graphical construction problems In linear perspective drawing, positioning the distance point too close causes distortion, while placing it too far is inconvenient for the artist.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 436
What is Reduced Perspective?
Reduced Perspective Refers to a miniaturised image/view of a physical scene. Often we see this kind of perspective image using a mirror ball, or a glass ball; whereby a reduced-scale spherical, curvilinear, and panoramic view of the local scene or vista is produced. Of course, reduced perspective views/images are commonly employed on physical maps, terrestrial globes, and now commonly on GPS maps and Google Earth, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 436
How does Reflection relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Reflection is relevant because its graduated arc occupies one eighth of a circle, or 45 degrees, but its double-reflection system allows it to measure angles of up to approximately 90 degrees.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 43, 49, 52, 55, 59, 60, 67, 68, 99, 100, 129, 132, 144, 154, 163, 167, 170, 171, 175, 177, 179
How does Reflection Hologram relate to optical perspective?
A reflection hologram is an optical 3-D image recorded in a relatively thick light-sensitive medium and viewed by reflected illumination; unlike a transmission hologram, it can be designed for white-light viewing. The Dictionary also warns that 'mirror reflection hologram' can be a misleading name for a concave-mirror real image, which is not actually a hologram.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 437
What is Reflector Eye Perspective?
Reflector Eye Perspective is routed by the Dictionary to Reflector Sight. It concerns a viewing arrangement in which reflection is used to redirect or combine the observer's line of sight, and is therefore best understood as an optical-instrument perspective rather than a separate graphical construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 438
How does Refraction relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Refraction is relevant because occurs partially at the cornea, which may be regarded as a convex surface separating air outside from the aqueous or liquid humour inside the eye.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 105, 177, 203
What is Refractive Camera Eye Perspective?
Refractive Camera Eye Perspective is a monocular perspective image formed by a refractive camera lens from a single station point, broadly analogous to the geometrical projection formed by one human eye.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 439
What is Regular Perspective?
Regular Perspective refers to, perspective framework, perspective lattice, metric grid, linear perspective, central perspective, object space, image space, Monkey Bars, Cube Cage, Global Cage of Cubes, Euclidean Grid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 439
What is the relationship between viewing angle and perspective?
Viewing angle changes which surfaces are visible, their foreshortening and the positions of vanishing points. A wider field or more oblique view can also increase apparent edge stretching in a flat rectilinear projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Relay Perspective?
1: Relay Communication Relay perspective can refer to the idea of passing on information or understanding to others.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 440
What is Relief Perspective?
Relief Mapping (computer science) In computer graphics, a texture-mapping technique used to accurately and eficiently render the surface details of three-dimensional objects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 440
How did Renaissance artists use perspective?
Renaissance artists increasingly used geometrical constructions to coordinate architecture and objects within a unified pictorial space. Central or linear perspective supplied a systematic relationship among viewpoint, picture plane and vanishing directions, while artists also used atmospheric, tonal and other depth effects.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35–62
Is perspective only a Renaissance drawing technique?
No. Renaissance linear perspective is one important historical system, but perspective also includes natural vision, optics, earlier and non-Western representation, parallel projection, photography, cinema, computer graphics and many modern imaging systems.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Was there perspective before the Renaissance?
Yes. Ancient and medieval cultures used numerous methods for showing depth, scale, overlap, oblique space and spatial hierarchy. The Renaissance contribution was a particularly systematic central linear-perspective geometry, not the first appearance of perspective in human representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What is renaissance perspective?
Renaissance linear perspective provided artists and architects with a repeatable way to coordinate a scene around a fixed viewpoint and construct measurable recession. It became a major tool for spatial realism, architectural representation and the integration of geometry with pictorial practice.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Why was Renaissance perspective important?
Renaissance linear perspective provided artists and architects with a repeatable way to coordinate a scene around a fixed viewpoint and construct measurable recession. It became a major tool for spatial realism, architectural representation and the integration of geometry with pictorial practice.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
What are Renaissance Perspective Types?
In The Poetics of Perspective, James Elkins distinguishes ten broad classes of graphical perspective used or developed during the Renaissance:; Workshop constructions; Distance-point construction; Costruzione legittima; Reformed workshop methods; Visual-ray method; Circumscribed-rectangle method; Direct or window method; Vanishing-point method; Inverse method; Mechanical methods These classes represent a wider historical classification than the three principal practical construction methods distinguished in the preceding entry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 442
What is Represent (function of perspective)?
Represent Refers to a basic function of perspective, the representation (or separate embodied copy) of a spatial reality on a 2-D surface or by means of a 3-D model.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 442
What is Retina in visual perspective?
In the 20th century, André Perspective Barre and Albert Flocon [1909–1994] developed their theory of curvilinear Experiments perspective in La Perspective curviligne (1968).by imitating the retina's Anamorphic Perspective concave surface [46].
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 32, 37, 39, 56, 57, 60, 66, 68, 88, 97, 99, 100, 104- 106, 128, 133, 135, 165, 189, 229, 231, 234, 235, 240, 241, 243
What is Retinal Perspective?
Retinal perspective is the perspective appearance formed on the retina by the human eye. It belongs to visual perspective and concerns the optical image and spatial relationships presented to the visual system, including effects such as diminution, foreshortening and convergence before perceptual interpretation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 443
How does reverse perspective work?
Reverse or inverse perspective uses divergent rather than ordinary convergent recession, so represented parallel directions may spread apart with depth and distant forms may appear enlarged rather than diminished. It occurs in several historical and artistic traditions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Reverse/Inverse Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, p. 34 and related discussion
What is reverse perspective in art?
Reverse or inverse perspective uses divergent rather than ordinary convergent recession, so represented parallel directions may spread apart with depth and distant forms may appear enlarged rather than diminished. It occurs in several historical and artistic traditions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Reverse/Inverse Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, p. 34 and related discussion
What is reverse perspective?
Reverse or inverse perspective uses divergent rather than ordinary convergent recession, so represented parallel directions may spread apart with depth and distant forms may appear enlarged rather than diminished. It occurs in several historical and artistic traditions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Reverse/Inverse Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, p. 34 and related discussion
What is Reversibility Principle (of Perspective)?
The ability to work backwards from a foreshortened square (for example) to reconstruct the original viewpoint which caused it has been termed the reversibility principle of perspective (linear type).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 444
What is Riemannian Perspective/Geometry?
Riemannian Perspective / Geometry (Non-Euclidean Geometry; Curved Space; Geodesics) A form of spatial or perspectival representation based on Riemannian geometry, in which distances and angles are determined by a metric that may vary across a curved space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 444
Why does a road appear narrower in the distance?
Diminution is the reduction of apparent or projected size with increasing distance from the viewpoint. It is one of the central perspective phenomena: equal objects, widths or intervals occupy progressively smaller visual angles and therefore appear smaller or more closely spaced in the image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Robot Perspective?
Robot Perspective is given as a synonym for Robotic Perspective in the Dictionary. It refers to perspective as captured, calculated or used by robotic imaging and vision systems rather than to a separate traditional drawing construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Robot/Robotic Perspective entry
What is Robotic vision in visual perspective?
Recent Television developments have strong links to perspective, such as Geographical Information Cinema Systems, Computer-Generated Imagery, Computer-Aided Design, Special Effects, Cartography Virtual/Augmented/Mixed Reality, Medical Imaging, robotic vision, drones, etc.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 19, 41, 183
What is Rocket Perspective?
Rocket perspective is a first-person backward-looking view from a rapidly departing rocket, aircraft or similar vehicle. The scene being left behind—such as the Earth or Moon—appears to diminish extremely quickly, often with the motion exaggerated or speeded up.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 445
What is Rojas Projection?
Rojas Projection is an equinoctial orthographic projection associated with Juan de Rojas Sarmiento and used in the Rojas universal astrolabe.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 445
What is Roman Perspective?
Type 1: Ancient Roman perspective Refers to perspective methods employed in ancient Rome; whereby as with the ancient Greeks they applied some perspective phenomena to their artworks; including vanishing points, aspect perspective, and foreshortening, etc., but no examples of the use of a single unified central or primary vanishing point for sets of parallel orthogonal lines can be found, and so represented space is not systematic in the modern sense.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 445
How do you rotate objects in perspective?
Rotating an object changes the directions of its edge families relative to the fixed viewpoint. Re-establish the vanishing point or vanishing line for each rotated direction, then construct the object within those new directional constraints rather than reusing the old points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Rural Perspective?
Rural Perspective refers to social perspective or how people from the country view a situation (metaphorical term).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 447
What is Russian Perspective?
Russian art is also known for use of unique optical perspective types as depicted in cubo-futurism, rayonism, suprematism and constructivism.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 447
S
What is Sanson-Flamsteed Projection?
The Sanson-Flamsteed Projection is another name for the sinusoidal map projection. It is a pseudocylindrical equal-area projection in which the central meridian is straight and other meridians curve toward the poles.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Sanson-Flamsteed Projection entry
What is Scale Drawing Perspective?
Scale Drawing Perspective is a drawing made to a stated dimensional ratio, such as 1:50, 1:100 or 2:1.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 450
What is Scale on Picture Sides (linear perspective graphic); Grid of Potential Vanishing Points?
It is possible to create a useful grid of crisscrossing scale lines representing potential vanishing points across the picture, which serve as guiding lines.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 451
What is the Scale–Shape–Size Problem?
The Scale–Shape–Size Problem describes the interaction between physical size, projected or apparent size, shape, distance, viewpoint, foreshortening and scale. Because these factors vary together, the size or outline measured in one perspective image cannot by itself be assumed to give the object's true three-dimensional form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Scale/Shape/Size Problem entry; Volume 1 2.1, p. 80
What is Scale/Shape/Size Problem in perspective geometry?
The Scale–Shape–Size Problem is the difficulty of separating and relating an object's scale, physical size, apparent or projected size and visible shape in a perspective image. Because viewpoint, distance, foreshortening, projection, scale and resolution interact, one image measurement cannot automatically be treated as the object's true three-dimensional size or form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Scale/Shape/Size Problem entry; Volume 1 2.1, p. 80
What is Scene Painting (multi-station point nature of) in perspective geometry?
Ancient Greek and Roman scene painting employed varied methods of spatial suggestion, including overlap, diminution, oblique recession and locally organised convergence.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 452
What is Scenic Perspective?
Scenic Perspective refers to any real-world perspective view of, or represented image / graphical depiction of, scenography.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 452
What is Schematic Perspective/Drawing?
Schematic Perspective / Drawing Any picture/image/view which has been extensively simplified, or which does not appear to be based on one of the normal projection systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 453
What is Scorci Perspective?
Scorci Perspective refers to surprising perspective phenomena and distortion effects produced by unusual angleof-view, exceptionally close-up views, foreshortening, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 454
What is Scrim Perspective?
Scrim Perspective is a scrim curtain commonly used piece of stage curtain magic for use in the theatre or on photographic, fifilm and television production sets.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 454
What is Sculptural Perspective (Forced Perspective)?
The introduction of perspective effects (and hence false depth) into a sculpture by reducing details, employing rounded and oblique edges to soften the appearance of contours, eliminating undercutting to reduce the darkness of shadows, and reducing polish to limit the intensity of light reflections.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 454
What is Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Geometrical Type in perspective geometry?
— Physical or Optical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: a subsidiary apparent boundary associated with an inclined surface, reflection, optical system, secondary spatial field or local visual boundary. [26] Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Geometrical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the vanishing line of an inclined, declined or oblique plane. [27] Tilted Horizon Line — Established descriptive term: a horizon line that appears sloping because the viewing system, picture plane or image is rolled.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 198
What is Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type in perspective geometry?
— << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: a subsidiary apparent boundary associated with an inclined surface, reflection, optical system, secondary spatial field or local visual boundary. [26] Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Geometrical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the vanishing line of an inclined, declined or oblique plane. [27] Tilted Horizon Line — Established descriptive term: a horizon line that appears sloping because the viewing system, picture plane or image is rolled.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 198
What is Secondary Vanishing Point in perspective geometry?
A Secondary Vanishing Point is an auxiliary vanishing point associated with a secondary spatial direction rather than the principal direction of a perspective construction. Like any vanishing point, its position is determined by the corresponding line direction relative to the viewpoint and picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Secondary/Auxiliary Vanishing Point entries
What is Secret Perspective?
Secret Perspective is a synonym for Linear Perspective - Leonardo (B): Leonardo’s special circumstances perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 455
What is Sectional Perspective Drawing/Section View?
Sectional Perspective Drawing / Section View (Technical and Engineering Drawing) A sectional view is a drawing that shows the inside of an object by imagining a cut through it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 455
What is Seeing in Perspective?
Seeing in Perspective refers to viewing Spatial Reality From vast spaces to tiny spaces, and from huge things to minuscule things, we see everything in relation to its place in the environment.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 456
What does imaging spatial reality mean in Seeing in Perspective (B)?
In this context, Seeing in Perspective (B) - Imaging Spatial Reality refers to everything we see, we see in perspective. Every image on the eye is in perspective, a perspective projection, every photograph or movie is in perspective, and a perspective projection. Self Reflection in Mirrors (Lateral Inversion) Self-reffection in mirrors is a phenomenon rooted in optical physics and cognitive psychology.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 456
How does Self Reflection in Mirrors relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Self Reflection in Mirrors is relevant because self Reflection in Mirrors (Lateral Inversion) Self-reffection in mirrors is a phenomenon rooted in optical physics and cognitive psychology.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 456
What is Semi-Systematic Image Space in perspective geometry?
Semi-Systematic Image Space is an image space in which some spatial relationships follow a consistent projection construction while others employ different local viewpoints, axes, scales or convergence systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 456
What does setting out a drawing or projection from a spatial reality mean in Perspective?
In this context, Perspective - Setting Out a Drawing or Projection from a Spatial Reality refers to in terms of a linear perspective graphical construction (perspective drawing), there are two methods of setting out all perspectives.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 330
What is Shallow Perspective?
Shallow Perspective is a synonym for Shallow Space Perspective. It depicts only limited recession, so forms appear compressed into a narrow zone around the picture plane with relatively weak convergence, foreshortening or scale change.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 459
What is Shallow Space Perspective?
Shallow Space Perspective (Compressed Depth; Pictorial Space) A representation in which depicted depth is comparatively limited and forms appear compressed into a narrow zone behind or in front of the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 459
What is Shallow-Depth Perspective?
Shallow-depth perspective is another name for flat or frontal perspective. It deliberately minimises the impression of deep three-dimensional space, so forms appear compressed into a narrow zone near the picture plane. Depth may still be indicated by overlap, small scale changes, limited foreshortening or weak convergence, but strong recession is avoided.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 459
What is Shape grammars in perspective geometry?
James J. Gibson pointed out that for a real-time view of physical space, and a generated/recorded image to provide the same information about object space, Shape Grammars the delimited surface must process light in such a way that it reflects a particular Perspective views/ images are both sheaf of rays to a given (eye) point, which is similar to the sheaf of rays from the structurally and original object/scene to that point.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 247
What is the Shape-Sufficiency Problem in perspective?
The Shape-Sufficiency Problem asks whether the projected or visible shape of an object is sufficient to specify its underlying three-dimensional form. Because apparent shape changes with viewpoint, projection, scale and occlusion, one outline alone may be insufficient for reliable reconstruction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Shape-Sufficiency Problem entry; Volume 1 2.1, p. 80
What is Sharp Perspective?
1: Sharp Perspective: In focus perspective image exhibiting a high degree of visual detail/structure or acceptable visual acuity.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 460
What is Shear Perspective?
Shear Perspective is a perspective effect produced by applying a shear transformation to image geometry. The transformation displaces points progressively along one direction and can create an altered or simulated impression of spatial slant, depth or viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 460
What is a simple definition of perspective?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through effects such as diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Simple Perspective/Projection?
Simple Perspective / Projection Type of perspective first identified by Leonardo da Vinci in which central rays falling between all object / image point(s) are symmetrical.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 462
What is Simple Projection?
Simple Projection is a synonym for plan and elevation drawing methods. [2] Orthographic projections and/or perspective projections of a rectangular object as seen from the front.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 462
What is Simulated Perspective?
Simulated Perspective refers to perspective produced by deliberately modifying, arranging or constructing physical space, objects or images to create a particular appearance, illusion or spatial effect.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 463; Volume 1 2.1, p. 12, 15, 65-67, 72, 76, 84, 85, 153, 182, 197, 234
What is Single Perspective or Single Category Perspective?
Single Perspective or Single Category Perspective is when only one category (or perspective system) is involved to produce a perspective view/image; such as when sunlight falls through tree branches and projects shadows onto the ground (natural/environmental perspective).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 463
What is Single-point Linear Perspective?
Single-Point Linear Perspective is another name for one-point linear perspective: a central-perspective arrangement in which one principal family of receding parallel lines converges to a single principal vanishing point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 463
What is Six-Point Perspective?
Six-Point Perspective is a type of visual looking-out Perspective in which one is able to look towards vanishing points in any one of the 6 cardinal directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 463; Volume 1 2.1, p. 127
What is Skew Compression Perspective (Oblique Compaction)?
Skew Compression Perspective is a perspective effect in which forms, distances or spatial intervals appear compressed, expanded or laterally skewed because the object, viewing direction or image plane is oblique to the observer or camera.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 464
What is Skewed Perspective?
1: Oblique / Twisted Angled View of a Spatial Object/Scene Any perspective view/image where the picture plane is at a skewed or oblique (twisted) angle with reference to the principal face of an object, metric grid, or set of orthogonal lines, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 465
Is the skyline the same as the horizon?
No. A skyline is the visible outline of buildings, land or other objects against the sky. A horizon is a physical, optical or geometrical boundary/reference and may be hidden, indoors or represented independently of any skyline.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 199-206; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What role did C.P. Snow play in the history of perspective?
C. P. Snow did not develop a perspective construction. Volume 1 cites his 1959 'Two Cultures' argument about the division between science and the humanities to frame a wider problem: perspective spans both domains and is better understood as an interdisciplinary field connecting art, optics, geometry, imaging and technology.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 30
What is Solar Perspective?
The changing apparent position and path of the Sun across the sky as determined by Earth’s rotation, orbital motion and axial tilt, together with the observer’s latitude, date and local time.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 466
What is Space (artificial perspective)?
Central-perspective drawings are normally constructed from Euclidean object-space geometry and projected onto a flat picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 468
What is Space (Visual)?
Visual Space is the space as organised or experienced through vision. The Dictionary relates it to the visual field, visual world and image or perspective space, while distinguishing visual experience from the physical object space that gives rise to it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Space (Visual) / Visual Space entries
What is Space Box (of perspective) in perspective geometry?
1: Imaginary Box in Physical Space A physical-related (imaginary) box in object space that is defined by the station point, centre of vision, central plane, picture plane, horizontal and ground planes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 470
What is space in perspective?
Perspective space is the spatial structure implied, viewed or represented by a perspective system. It links object-space positions and directions to their image-space appearances, including depth, scale, orientation, vanishing and foreshortening relationships.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
Why does spacing get smaller in the distance?
Diminution is the reduction of apparent or projected size with increasing distance from the viewpoint. It is one of the central perspective phenomena: equal objects, widths or intervals occupy progressively smaller visual angles and therefore appear smaller or more closely spaced in the image.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
How does Spatial Correspondence relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Spatial Correspondence is relevant because the degree of similarity in spatial position, and/or the degree of similarity in space shape/form/structure.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 471; Volume 1 2.1, p. 19, 30, 31
What is spatial perspective?
Perspective space is the spatial structure implied, viewed or represented by a perspective system. It links object-space positions and directions to their image-space appearances, including depth, scale, orientation, vanishing and foreshortening relationships.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Spatial Scene in perspective geometry?
Optical perspective works to view, match, represent, or project/display aspects of a spatial scene, ostensibly limited to:; The Physical World refers to physical reality, or 2-D/3-D Object(s) present in a 3-D space (spatial scene).; The Optical World (includes optical illusions): refers to the changing appearance of objects as conveyed to the camera, instrument, or the eye/detector by emitted or reflected light (ref. using real, modelled, represented, illusive, or even imaginary light-rays).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 472
What is Sphere of Revolution Perspective?
Sphere of Revolution Perspective refers to capability of a spherical perspective system to produce multiple views of a 3-D object by orbiting or revolving around the 3-D object in question (looking-in/ looking-at perspective).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 474
What is Sphere of Rotation Perspective?
Capability of a spherical display to produce spherical views of an object/scene by displaying 2-D/3-D images on the surface of a sphere, and then by rotating said sphere viewing/navigating different regions of the displayed space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 474
What is the Sphere of Vision?
The Sphere of Vision is a conceptual spherical field centred on the observer or eye, used to organise viewing directions around a fixed viewpoint. In sphere-of-vision perspective the observer looks outward in different directions from that stationary point; by turning through the surrounding space, the system can encompass a complete 360-degree view.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 244; Dictionary 2.1, Sphere of Vision Perspective
What is Sphere of Vision Perspective?
Sphere of Vision Perspective is a spherical visual framework for representing or analysing directions around the observer. The Dictionary routes the term to Spherical View and related sphere-of-vision systems, which are used for very wide-field, panoramic and multi-directional perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 474
What is Spheric Perspective?
Spheric perspective is a form of spherical or intermediary perspective. In one sense it describes a curved spatial representation associated with a spherical conception of visual space; in another it refers to projecting imagery onto the inside surface of a dome, with the viewer positioned near the centre. It is closely related to spherical and dome-screen perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 475
What is Spherical Display Perspective?
Sphere Theatre Perspective Dome spherical theatre (in Las Vegas) that is 516 feet in diameter with a 16 K resolution LED screen on the internal surface of the sphere allowing images to be displayed for the audience of 18,000 people.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 475
How does Spherical Lens Filming relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Spherical Lens Filming is relevant because taking a photograph (moving or stationary) using an ordinary lens, or a nonanamorphic/scope lens; being a lens with identical image-capturing magnification in both the vertical and horizontal planes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 476
How do you draw spherical perspective?
Spherical perspective maps viewing directions onto a spherical or equivalent omnidirectional surface. It can represent a very wide or complete surrounding field, with line images generally becoming curves except for special directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is spherical perspective projection?
Spherical perspective maps viewing directions onto a spherical or equivalent omnidirectional surface. It can represent a very wide or complete surrounding field, with line images generally becoming curves except for special directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is spherical perspective?
Spherical perspective maps directions from a viewpoint onto a spherical or equivalent omnidirectional image surface. It can represent a full or near-full surrounding field and therefore differs fundamentally from a single flat rectilinear picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What is Spherical Projection?
Five- and six-point drawings are particular graphical forms of spherical perspective, not requirements of every spherical projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 476
What is Spherical Projection Planes?
Spherical projection planes are curved receiving or image surfaces used in perspective and projection systems. The Dictionary notes historical use in sundials and later applications in panoramic cinema and dome theatres. The curved retina of the human eye is also relevant as a naturally spherical image-receiving surface.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 476
What is Spherical View?
Spherical View is a view organised over a spherical or globe-like field rather than a single flat rectilinear picture plane. The Dictionary distinguishes forms including spherical-mirror or glass-ball views, digital globe views and multi-view spherical systems associated with very wide or 360-degree representation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 476
What is Spiral Perspective?
Spiral Perspective is treated in the Dictionary as a cross-reference to Vortex Perspective. The term therefore describes a perspective organisation in which the visual structure winds or turns around a centre in a vortex-like manner rather than forming an independent principal category.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 478
What is Split Perspective?
Split Perspective is a technique for dividing a surface in perspective using diagonals and measuring lines.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 478
How do I start learning perspective?
Start with simple boxes in one-point and two-point perspective. Learn eye level, station point, picture plane and vanishing directions first; then practise grids, repeated intervals, circles, rotations and simple interiors before moving to complex organic forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do I start with perspective?
Start with simple boxes in one-point and two-point perspective. Learn eye level, station point, picture plane and vanishing directions first; then practise grids, repeated intervals, circles, rotations and simple interiors before moving to complex organic forms.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Static Focus (of Attention or fixed line of sight) of Linear Perspective?
Static Focus (of Attention or fixed line of sight) of Linear Perspective refers to linear or central perspective is based on a fixed station point, and also fixed or stationary eye or non-moving line of sight for producing a perspective construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 482
What is a station point in perspective drawing?
The station point is the fixed eye or centre-of-projection position from which the scene is viewed or geometrically projected. Together with the picture plane and spatial directions, it determines the resulting image geometry and vanishing relationships.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Station Point in perspective geometry?
Station Point Refers to any perspective image that results in a single image that is taken from a particular station point, and often from a narrow snapshot of time.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 482-483; Volume 1 2.1, p. 19, 58, 109, 110, 213
What is Stepped Perspective?
Stepped perspective uses stairs or repeated steps to demonstrate perspective recession. Sets of parallel step edges that share the same spatial direction converge toward the same corresponding vanishing point, while repeated intervals diminish with depth. It is therefore a practical subject for studying measured recession and vanishing behaviour.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 483
What is Stereographic Projection of a Sphere?
Stereographic Projection of a Sphere is a perspective projection of the sphere, through a point on the sphere (the pole or centre of projection), and onto a projection plane perpendicular to the diameter through the point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 484
What is Stereopsis in visual perspective?
Stereopsis refers to or the difference in shapes and positions of images due to the different vantage points from which the two eyes see the world.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 98, 229
What is Stereoscopic Television in visual perspective?
1: Anaglyph 3-D A stereoscopic television presents twin images, one red and the other green for stereoscopic viewing using special red-green glasses.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 485
What is Sunbeam Perspective?
Sunbeam Perspective refers to sunlight beams appear to radiate from the Sun, shining through gaps in clouds or between objects, creating parallel shafts divided by shadows.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 487
What is Swing LensCamera/Perspective?
Swing-lens camera perspective is the cylindrical panoramic perspective produced by a camera whose lens rotates through an arc while film or a sensor is exposed through a narrow slit. Because the viewpoint direction sweeps across the scene, the resulting wide image differs geometrically from a single rectilinear exposure.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 490
What is Synthetic Perspective?
Synthetic Perspective refers to concept of combining or merging different kinds of perspective into a single image (for example natural and artificial perspective); as when you view an anamorphic image in a specially shaped picture plane or mirror (conical or cylindrical shaped picture plane).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 491; Volume 1 2.1, p. 57, 58, 74, 75, 84, 85, 87, 88, 134, 136, 145, 148, 153, 162, 163, 168, 171-173, 176, 180, 184, 186, 190-192, 196, 233, 234, 238, 241, 260
What is Systemic Image Space in perspective geometry?
Systemic Image Space Refers to an image space corresponding closely to an object or target space (3-D spatial scene); whereby said image space accurately and precisely represents the original spatial geometry in a systematic way whereby any object geometry, perspective framework, and/or metric grid structure, etc; is adequately represented in mathematical terms, and as such can be logically perceived and/or reconstructed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 492
T
What is Tactile Perspective?
Tactile perspective refers to how we understand the world through touch (texture, pressure, temperature, shape) and to the cognitive ability to infer spatial reality from this.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 493
What does technical perspective mean?
Technical perspective is perspective used in scientific, engineering, imaging or other technical systems. In the Dictionary it can include optical, graphical, mathematical and instrument-based methods for viewing, measuring, modelling or representing spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Technical/Engineering Drawing Perspective?
Technical / Engineering Drawing Perspective Technical drawing, drafting, or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 494
How does Telephoto Lens relate to optical perspective?
In the PRC account, Telephoto Lens is relevant because the name teledioptric camera refers to early camera lenses designed to work over great distances, with long focal lengths that are relatively short in physical length, and which are forerunners of the telephoto lens.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 494
Do telephoto lenses compress perspective?
A telephoto lens does not by itself change perspective from a fixed camera position. The familiar “compression” effect usually occurs because the photographer moves farther from the subject and then uses a longer focal length to maintain framing; the increased camera distance changes relative object sizes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
How does Telescope (Optical Survey) relate to optical perspective?
Telescope is an optical survey telescope is designed to observe comparatively large areas of the sky, either once or repeatedly.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 495
What is telescope perspective?
Telescope perspective is the optical perspective produced when a telescope forms a magnified image of a distant field. Magnification and restricted field of view change the presented image scale, while the underlying viewpoint and projection relationships remain those of the optical system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Telescopic Perspective?
The perspectival appearance of a magni ed, narrow-angle view seen through a telescope or recorded with a long-focus optical system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 496
How is the term perspective used?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What role did Dick Termes play in the history of perspective?
Dick Termes is an American artist who uses a six-point perspective system that he devised to create unique paintings on large spheres called Termespheres. Termesphere Spherical perspective painting placed on a sphere, by artist Dick Termes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 496; Volume 1 2.1, p. 40, 133, 135
What is Tetraconic Perspective?
Tetraconic Perspective is a type of perspective projection developed by Kenneth R. Adams in 1976, which is a way of capturing, and then displaying on a 2-D surface a complete sphere of vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 497; Volume 1 2.1, p. 40
What is Texture Perspective?
Texture Perspective is a depth cue produced by systematic changes in the projected appearance of surface texture.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 497
What is Theatre Perspective?
The simpler form of theatre perspective is compatible with multi-plane perspective, at least in preparing the ‘funnel-shaped’ stage with its floor inclined upwards and its side ats inward, which gives the illusion of much greater depth than it really possesses.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 498; Volume 1 2.1, p. 151, 153
What is theory perspective?
Perspective theory studies the principles that connect spatial reality, viewpoint, projection and image. In the PRC framework it includes geometrical, optical, visual, graphical and technical systems rather than treating linear drawing as the whole subject.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 31, 63-95; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method entries, pp. 355-359
What is Three branches of perspective, Leonardo?
Three Branches of Perspective Leonardo defined perspective as the combined reasons/effects by which the appearance of an object changes with increasing distance from the eye (ignoring distance-independent types such as parallel perspective).
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 58
Are one-, two- and three-point perspective the only kinds of perspective?
No. One-, two- and three-point perspective are only familiar forms of rectilinear central perspective. The Dictionary records a much larger field including parallel, axonometric, curvilinear, spherical, optical, photographic, simulated and many other types and forms.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
Do we see the world in one-, two- or three-point perspective?
Human vision is not restricted to one-, two- or three-point perspective. Those labels describe simplified rectilinear projection configurations; natural vision contains many potential vanishing directions across a wide visual field.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
How do I find the ground plane of a floating object in three-point perspective?
First establish the overall three-point system and the object’s spatial position. A floating object does not create a new ground plane automatically; project its verticals and horizontal directions to the same relevant vanishing points, then locate any reference or receiving plane by measured construction from the scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw a background in three-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw a room in three-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw in three-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How does three-point perspective work?
Three-point perspective is a central projection in which all three principal spatial directions recede toward finite vanishing points. Two are usually associated with horizontal directions and the third with verticals, which occurs when the view or picture plane is tilted upward or downward.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
Is everything we see really three-point perspective?
No. Human vision is not simply three-point perspective. Three-point perspective is a rectilinear graphical configuration in which three principal direction families have finite vanishing points; natural vision contains many directions, a wide curved field and additional optical and binocular information.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
Is three-point perspective realistic?
Yes, three-point perspective can correspond to a real central projection when the camera or picture plane is tilted relative to verticals. Its appearance may look dramatic when the third vanishing point is close, because that represents a steep viewing angle or wide field.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What decides whether a drawing is one-, two- or three-point perspective?
The classification depends mainly on how the object’s principal line directions are oriented relative to the picture plane. One principal receding direction gives the familiar one-point arrangement, two give two-point, and tilting the third principal direction away from parallelism with the picture plane produces three-point perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is three-point perspective + shadows - how?
In three-point perspective, construct the object with its three principal vanishing directions first. Shadows are then added with a separate light direction: rays from the light source are projected through object points to the receiving planes, so the shadow geometry remains consistent with both the three-point view and the illumination.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is three-point perspective?
Three-point perspective is a central projection in which all three principal spatial directions recede toward finite vanishing points. Two are usually associated with horizontal directions and the third with verticals, which occurs when the view or picture plane is tilted upward or downward.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
When is three-point perspective used?
Three-point perspective is useful for steep upward or downward views, very tall structures, aerial views or any arrangement in which the vertical direction also recedes relative to the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
Why do vertical lines converge in three-point perspective?
Verticals converge in three-point perspective because the vertical direction is no longer parallel to the picture plane. Projecting that line family from the station point therefore produces a finite third vanishing point above or below the horizon.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is Tilted Perspective?
Three related forms may be distinguished: [1] Tilted ground-plane perspective Perspective in which the ground or supporting plane is inclined relative to the normal horizontal ground plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 500
What is Tone Perspective?
Tone Perspective is a depth effect produced through variations in tonal value—that is, the relative lightness or darkness of colours and surfaces.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 500
What is Total Perspective?
Total Perspective refers to imaging/projecting (mixed perspective) is a type of technical perspective that captures/represents/projects a full 360-degree spherical panorama for a surrounding visual scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 501
How does Transformation optics relate to optical perspective?
In the Dictionary, transformation optics is a proposed perspective term for optical arrangements that transform the expected appearance of an object, scene or image by redirecting, dividing, combining, reflecting, refracting, magnifying or compressing the light reaching the observer. Such systems can alter apparent direction, position, scale, shape, depth, continuity or visibility. This PRC usage is distinguished from the established electromagnetic field also called transformation optics.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 502–503
What is Transformation Principle (of Linear Perspective)?
The transformation principle of linear perspective refers to the systematic transformation of regular and original geometrical forms and solids (outline shapes in a 3-D object space) into apparent 2-D forms in image space (within a 2-D drawing/representation), being a process that is characteristic of one/two/three-point linear perspective (for example). Notably, the principles of said geometrical transformation, and with associated perspective phenomena, can be codified in the methods of (for example) the legitimate construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 503
What is Transformed Perspective?
T 503 combinations of optical elements may therefore create transformed perspective images, including displaced views, hidden objects, false spatial continuities and other forms of trick or illusionistic perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 503
What is Translation Perspective?
Translation of the observer or camera A change in perspective caused by moving the observer or camera from one station point to another without necessarily rotating it.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 503
What is Transmetric Projection?
Transmetric Projection is a synonym for Trimetric projection Type of transparaline drawing being a type of paraline, or axonometric, drawing that allows for a threedimensional representation of objects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 503
What is Transparent Perspective?
1: Transparent scene Any image/view that penetrates the viewpoint obscuring transparent or semi-transparent surfaces in a spatial scene, and thus enables the post-surface contents/structure of the scene to be observed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 504
What is Transverse / Vertical Horizon Line — Geometrical Type in perspective geometry?
Secondary and Plane-Oriented Horizon Types [25] Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: a subsidiary apparent boundary associated with an inclined surface, reflection, optical system, secondary spatial field or local visual boundary. [26] Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Geometrical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the vanishing line of an inclined, declined or oblique plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 198
What is Transverse / Vertical Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type in perspective geometry?
Secondary and Plane-Oriented Horizon Types [25] Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Physical or Optical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: a subsidiary apparent boundary associated with an inclined surface, reflection, optical system, secondary spatial field or local visual boundary. [26] Secondary / Auxiliary Horizon Line — Geometrical Type — << NEW / REFINED TERM >>: the vanishing line of an inclined, declined or oblique plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 198
What is Transverse Mercator Projection?
Transverse Mercator Projection is a projection used to represent areas mainly oriented north-south. It's a variation of the Mercator projection, but the cylinder touches the sphere along a meridian instead of the equator. Uses include topographic maps, large-scale coordinate systems, and national grid systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 505
What is Tree Perspective?
Tree Perspective is cross-referenced in the Dictionary to Flower Drawing and Flower Perspective. It concerns the difficult, irregular perspectival structure of branching plant or tree forms, where there may be no simple metric grid or easily discernible rectilinear framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 168, 505
What is Triangular Perspective?
Triangular Perspective is another name for central or linear perspective (i.e., the pyramid of recession), in which triangles are inherent to perspective, including the so-called pyramid of vision.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 506
What is trimetric perspective?
Trimetric projection is an axonometric parallel projection in which the three principal axes have different foreshortening or scale factors. It provides greater freedom of orientation than isometric or dimetric projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
What is Trimetric Projection?
Trimetric Projection is an orthographic axonometric projection in which the three principal object axes have three different projected scale factors or degrees of foreshortening.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 507
What is Triple Perspective?
Triple Perspective of a Glass Ball Multiple images formed by a glass ball, whereby you have: A) Transmission of Form (scene image lying behind ball): ball acts like a fish-eye lens, and B) Ball’s Internal Reflections: ball acts like a multi-mirror setup with images bouncing round inside, and C) Ball’s External Reflection(s). Tritanopia Tritanopia is a rare form of colour blindness that makes it difficult to distinguish between colours that contain blue or yellow.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 507
What is True / Right / Correct Perspective?
True / Right / Correct Perspective True perspective may refer to any type of perspective that approaches a “correct” or realistic perspective view or image, whereby the projection is assumed to reflect the true shape or the most realistic or naturalistic appearance of an object or scene, in either a geometrical or optical sense.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 508
What is True Field of View in visual perspective?
True Field of View (TFOV) is the physical angle visible through an optical instrument, measured in degrees, representing the actual size of the "window" to the real world.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 508
What is True Perspective?
True Perspective refers to photographic perspective Synonym for a photographic perspective of a spatial object or scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 509
What is Tubular Perspective?
1: Tubular-shaped projection plane or volume (image space) A perspective projection (natural, artificial) in which a spatial object/scene is projected onto a tubular shaped picture plane/volume.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 509
What is Tunnel Perspective?
Tunnel Perspective describes a tunnel-like recession in which repeated forms or reflected images become progressively smaller toward depth or infinity. The Dictionary relates it especially to the visual structure seen in infinity mirrors and other strongly receding repeated-image arrangements.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 509
What is TV Perspective?
TV Perspective refers to perspective images formed, transmitted or viewed through television systems. The underlying scene may be photographic, graphical or digitally generated; the term identifies the television imaging/display context rather than one unique projection geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, TV Perspective entry
What is Twisted Perspective?
Composite Pose Twisted perspective, or composite pose, is an art technique combining multiple viewpoints—typically a side profile and a frontal view—within a single figure.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 510
What is Two Directions of Perspective?
Two Directions of Perspective refers to in the backward or image-forming direction, light, visual information or spatial data passes from a scene towards an eye, sensor or image plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 510
Can one-point and two-point perspective exist in the same scene?
Yes, a scene can contain objects or line systems whose orientations produce different vanishing-point configurations. The labels one-point and two-point describe simplified principal arrangements, not mutually exclusive laws applying to every object in a complex scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
How can I convert an object from one-point to two-point perspective?
To convert an object from one-point to two-point perspective, rotate its horizontal orientation relative to the picture plane while keeping the viewpoint fixed. The former frontal edges no longer remain parallel to the picture plane; the two horizontal edge families now recede toward separate vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
How do you draw a door in two-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw a grid in two-point perspective?
Establish the horizon and two horizontal vanishing points, construct a ground-plane rectangle, and use diagonals or measuring points to divide it into equal modules in depth. Extend those divisions toward the opposite vanishing point to form the complete two-point grid.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you Draw an Ellipse Inside a Square in Two-Point Perspective?
Construct the containing square or rectangular plane first in the correct perspective. Locate its centre with diagonals and mark the tangent or quarter points; then draw the ellipse through those control points. A cylinder is built by placing matching ellipses on parallel end planes and joining corresponding tangencies.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw using two-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you draw windows in two-point perspective?
Begin by choosing the eye level or horizon and the relevant vanishing point or points. Establish the nearest true-size or principal edges, project receding edges toward their vanishing points, then use diagonals, measuring lines or a grid to control repeated spacing, heights and depth before adding detail.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How does two-point perspective work?
Two-point perspective works by orienting the object so that two principal horizontal line families recede relative to the picture plane. Each family converges toward its own vanishing point on the horizon, while verticals normally remain parallel if the picture plane is vertical.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is one-point and two-point perspective?
Two-point perspective is a central projection in which two principal horizontal sets of parallel lines recede toward two separate vanishing points, normally on the horizon, while verticals remain parallel when the picture plane is vertical.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
What is two-point perspective?
Two-point perspective is a central projection in which two principal horizontal sets of parallel lines recede toward two separate vanishing points, normally on the horizon, while verticals remain parallel when the picture plane is vertical.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
When is two-point perspective used?
Two-point perspective is useful when an object or building is viewed at an angle so that two principal horizontal directions recede away from the observer. It is a common choice for corners, street views and rotated boxes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
When should I use two-point perspective?
Two-point perspective is useful when an object or building is viewed at an angle so that two principal horizontal directions recede away from the observer. It is a common choice for corners, street views and rotated boxes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
Which should I learn first: one-point or two-point perspective?
Learn one-point perspective first because it isolates one principal receding direction and makes the roles of eye level, picture plane and vanishing point easier to understand. Then move to two-point perspective, where two horizontal direction families recede simultaneously.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
Why is it called two-point perspective?
Two-point perspective is a central projection in which two principal horizontal sets of parallel lines recede toward two separate vanishing points, normally on the horizon, while verticals remain parallel when the picture plane is vertical.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
How is types of perspective used in photography?
Photography can exhibit many perspective forms, including central or linear perspective, one-, two- and three-point configurations, wide-angle and panoramic projections, forced perspective and atmospheric effects. The applicable label depends on scene geometry, viewpoint and imaging method.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Photographic/Camera Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 137-150, 203-206
What types of viewpoints are used in perspective?
Perspective can use fixed, moving, central, lateral, elevated, low, oblique, bird’s-eye, worm’s-eye and many other viewpoints. The important variables are the eye or camera position, viewing direction and their relationship to the spatial scene and image surface.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
U
What is Unbalanced Perspective?
Unbalanced Perspective refers to 1: O -centre primary vanishing point (linear perspective construction) A perspective view in which the principal vanishing point lies away from the centre of the image because the viewing direction, object orientation or framing is asymmetrical.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 512
What is Uni-Angular Perspective?
Uni-Angular Perspective refers to 1: Fixed-viewpoint perspective A perspective image formed, captured or constructed from one station point or viewpoint.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 513
What is Unified Perspective?
Unified Perspective (A) refers to a perspective organised as one coherent visual or image space. The Dictionary links this use with central or linear perspective, where spatial directions are treated consistently within one unified projection system.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 513; Rational Perspective entry
What is Unistic Perspective?
Unistic Perspective refers to 1: Unified vanishing point of linear perspective Refers to a linear perspective graphical image construction in which sets of parallel orthogonal lines existing in object space are projected to a single vanishing point, thus producing a unified representation space.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 513
What is Universal Perspective?
Universal integration of multiple perspective images or views A proposed overarching perspective system for indexing, linking and exploring multiple images and views of spatial reality within a common visual or hypermedia framework.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 515
What is Unlimited Vanishing Point Perspective?
Unlimited Vanishing Point Perspective A perspective space may contain an unlimited number of potential vanishing points because every distinct spatial direction not parallel to the picture plane has its flown vanishing point. Each family of mutually parallel lines sharing that direction converges towards the same point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 515
What is Unlimited/Multi-Point Perspective?
Unlimited or Multi-Point Perspective is a perspective system that is not restricted to the conventional one-, two- or three-point arrangement. It allows many vanishing directions or points and is closely related in the Dictionary to unlimited-vanishing-point perspective and wide-field or multi-directional systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 515
What is Unusual Perspective?
Unusual Perspective is a pictorial technique used by the artist Piranesi to dramatise light and shadow, including manipulation of scale by depicting figures smaller than they would appear in reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 516
What is Up Vanishing Point in perspective geometry?
An up vanishing point is a synonym for a vertical vanishing point. It is associated with a family of vertical or upward-receding parallel lines when their spatial direction is not parallel to the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 516
What is Upshot Perspective?
Upshot Perspective is a camera or photographic view taken from below the subject with the camera directed upwards.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 516
What does optics and visual adaptation mean in Upside-Down Perspective?
In this context, Upside-Down Perspective - Optics and Visual Adaptation refers to a visual condition produced by prisms, mirrors or reversing lenses that rotate or invert the observer’s visual field.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 516
Why do we use perspective?
Perspective drawing provides a systematic way to represent spatial relationships and apparent depth on a surface. It helps organise scale, direction, position, foreshortening and convergence so that a represented scene can be understood, measured or made visually convincing.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How do you use perspective to determine how far and what angle/shape the shadows should be?
Use the perspective system first to establish the object and receiving plane, then establish the direction of illumination. Project light rays from the source through the relevant object points until they meet the ground or other surface; those intersections determine the shadow’s position, length and projected shape.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Useful Field of View (UFOV) in visual perspective?
The region around the current point of xation from which an observer can rapidly detect, identify or locate visual information without moving the eyes or head.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 516
V
What is Validity of Linear Perspective?
Validity of Linear Perspective refers to according to Pavel Florensky, linear perspective is based on 6 premises, which Florensky argued are false:; We live not in Euclidean but in a visual space which is bounded, finite and distorted;; Beholder is not the centre of world;; Point-of-view ignores binocular aspects;; Fixed position of beholder is not the usual case;; The whole world is not static;; Excludes all psychophysiological processes.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 517
What is Van der Grinten’s Projection?
The Van der Grinten I projection is a compromise, non-perspective map projection that maps the entire Earth into a circle.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 517
What is Vanishing Line in perspective geometry?
Centre of Refers to the centre of a vanishing line (3); which, for a horizon line parallel to the ground plane, and projected according to rules of linear perspective, would be the position of the central vanishing point for sets of orthogonal lines in object space. Vanishing Line (1, 2, 3) (Linear Perspective; Vanishing Point;.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 520; Volume 1 2.1, p. 43, 60, 123, 258
Are vanishing points physical locations?
No. A vanishing point is a projective or image-space representation of a spatial direction, not a physical location where parallel objects actually meet.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Can a one-point perspective picture contain other vanishing points?
No. “One-point” describes the principal configuration, normally one main set of receding orthogonals converging to a finite point. Other inclined line systems, object rotations or secondary planes can introduce additional vanishing points within the same scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Can a vanishing point be outside the picture?
Yes. A vanishing point is determined by spatial direction and projection geometry, not by the edge of the drawing. It can lie far outside the picture or page; reduced constructions, measuring methods or digital tools can be used when it is inaccessible.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Can different objects have different vanishing points?
Yes. Different objects can have different vanishing points when their corresponding line families have different spatial directions. Objects sharing the same direction share the same vanishing point for that direction; rotating one object changes its directional vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Can the vanishing points be outside the page?
Yes. A vanishing point is determined by spatial direction and projection geometry, not by the edge of the drawing. It can lie far outside the picture or page; reduced constructions, measuring methods or digital tools can be used when it is inaccessible.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Can there be more than three vanishing points?
Yes. Three is not a maximum. One-, two- and three-point perspective describe common principal configurations, but every distinct receding direction can have its own vanishing point, so a complex scene may contain many potential vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Can vanishing points be placed anywhere in a perspective drawing?
Vanishing points should not be placed arbitrarily when a geometrically consistent view is required. Their positions follow from the station point, picture plane and directions of the represented line systems, although an artist can choose a viewpoint and orientation that produce convenient positions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Do all parallel lines go to the same vanishing point?
No. Only lines parallel to one another in the same spatial direction share a vanishing point. Other parallel families have other vanishing points, and lines parallel to the picture plane may vanish at infinity.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Do all vanishing points lie on the horizon line?
No. Vanishing points for horizontal directions lie on the geometrical horizon, but inclined or vertical directions have vanishing points on other vanishing lines or at other positions. A scene can therefore contain many vanishing points that are not on the main horizon.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Do parallel lines really meet at the vanishing point?
No. The physical parallel lines do not meet at the vanishing point. The vanishing point is an image-space or projective result: it represents the direction toward which their projected images converge as distance increases.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Do photographs have vanishing points?
Yes. Photographs are central optical projections and can contain vanishing points wherever families of parallel spatial lines recede relative to the camera. The points may lie inside or outside the photograph and need not all lie on one horizon.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Does every set of parallel lines have a vanishing point?
Every distinct spatial direction has a corresponding projective vanishing direction. In a flat central projection, a family parallel to the picture plane has its vanishing point at infinity, while other directions normally have finite vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Does everything go to one vanishing point in one-point perspective?
No. “One-point” describes the principal configuration, normally one main set of receding orthogonals converging to a finite point. Other inclined line systems, object rotations or secondary planes can introduce additional vanishing points within the same scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Does one-point perspective mean there is only one vanishing point in the whole world shown?
No. One-point perspective names the principal arrangement in which one main receding line family has a finite vanishing point. Secondary planes, rotated objects or other directions can introduce additional vanishing points within the same depicted world.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
Does rotating an object change its vanishing points?
Yes. Rotating an object changes the directions of its line families relative to the eye and picture plane. Because vanishing points are determined by those directions, the object’s corresponding vanishing points move even if the observer stays fixed.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How do I find the vanishing point in a photograph?
Extend two or more image lines known to be parallel in the original scene. Their projected directions intersect at the vanishing point for that line family. Using several lines improves reliability when the image is noisy or only approximately rectilinear.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How do you determine a vanishing point in perspective?
Extend two or more image lines known to be parallel in the original scene. Their projected directions intersect at the vanishing point for that line family. Using several lines improves reliability when the image is noisy or only approximately rectilinear.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How do you draw perspective without vanishing points?
Perspective can be drawn without explicitly plotting finite vanishing points by estimating directions, using grids or measuring constructions, or by using parallel projection systems. The underlying geometry still determines how directions behave even when the points are not drawn.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
How many vanishing point does two-point perspective can have?
A basic two-point construction uses two principal horizontal vanishing points, one for each of the two main receding horizontal directions. Additional inclined or secondary line systems can introduce further vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How many vanishing points are used in two-point perspective?
A basic two-point construction uses two principal horizontal vanishing points, one for each of the two main receding horizontal directions. Additional inclined or secondary line systems can introduce further vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
How many vanishing points can a perspective drawing have?
There is no universal maximum. One-, two- and three-point perspective name common principal configurations, but every distinct receding spatial direction can have its own vanishing point, so a complex scene may contain many potential vanishing points.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Is a vanishing point a real point in space?
No. The physical parallel lines do not meet at the vanishing point. The vanishing point is an image-space or projective result: it represents the direction toward which their projected images converge as distance increases.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Is the vanishing point always in the centre of a one-point perspective drawing?
No. The principal vanishing point in one-point perspective is centred only in the familiar symmetrical arrangement. Its actual image position depends on viewing direction and framing, so it can lie to the left or right of the picture centre.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is a vanishing point?
A vanishing point is the image point associated with a particular spatial direction. A family of mutually parallel lines sharing that direction appears to converge toward the same point under central or optical projection, even though the original physical lines do not meet there.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is But what is a Vanishing Point in perspective?
A vanishing point is the image point associated with a particular spatial direction. A family of mutually parallel lines sharing that direction appears to converge toward the same point under central or optical projection, even though the original physical lines do not meet there.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Perspective without a vanishing point?
A perspective can be constructed without plotting a finite vanishing point explicitly. Freehand estimation, reduced constructions, grids and parallel-projection systems can all avoid marking one on the page; the underlying directional geometry still governs the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is the vanishing point in a perspective drawing?
A vanishing point is the image point associated with a particular spatial direction. A family of mutually parallel lines sharing that direction appears to converge toward the same point under central or optical projection, even though the original physical lines do not meet there.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What is Vanishing Point in perspective geometry?
See also: vanishing, vanishing (geometrical), vanishing (optical), vanishing sphere (geometrical), vanishing sphere (optical), combined vanishing, vanishing limits (theory), vanishing point (geometrical), vanishing point (optical), vanishing plane (geometrical), vanishing plane (optical), horizon line (optical), horizon line (geometrical).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 523-524; Volume 1 2.1, p. 19, 29, 32, 37-39, 43-45, 47, 55, 60, 69, 77, 78, 83, 85, 108, 110, 111, 115, 121-125, 127, 129, 133, 166, 171, 172, 194, 230, 243, 247
Where are the two vanishing points?
In a standard two-point construction, the two principal vanishing points lie on the geometrical horizon, one for each main horizontal receding direction. Their separation depends on viewpoint, object orientation and picture-plane geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Where is the third vanishing point?
The third vanishing point belongs to the vertical or third principal direction in three-point perspective. It lies above or below the horizon depending on whether the view is directed upward or downward and may be far outside the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Where is the vanishing point in one-point perspective?
The principal vanishing point of one-point perspective lies where the main receding direction projects onto the picture plane. In the familiar central, level arrangement it lies on the horizon and often near the centre, but it need not be centred in the composition.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Where should I place vanishing points?
Vanishing points should not be placed arbitrarily when a geometrically consistent view is required. Their positions follow from the station point, picture plane and directions of the represented line systems, although an artist can choose a viewpoint and orientation that produce convenient positions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
Why do close vanishing points make objects look distorted?
Very close principal vanishing points imply a wide angular spread between receding directions and can produce strong convergence and edge stretching. The result often appears exaggerated because the represented field of view is very wide for the chosen picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
Why does a vanishing point move?
A vanishing point moves in the image when the relevant line direction, viewpoint, viewing direction or picture-plane orientation changes. It is determined by the projection of that spatial direction onto the image plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 524-529; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-125
What does alignment of mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - alignment of refers to s (alignment of real and depicted) (Visual Type 2 and; Linear Perspective) A convincing perspective illusion has been used in both ancient and modern times and involves the close alignment of the real-space and depicted vanishing point in spatial terms, as seen in both wall paintings and architectural elements (for example, by apparently extending wall edges into the represented painted scene).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 531
What does auxiliary mean for vanishing point?
An auxiliary vanishing point is another name for an accidental or secondary vanishing point. It is a vanishing point associated with a secondary or oblique family of parallel spatial lines rather than the principal line system of the perspective construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 524
What does diagonal t mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - diagonal T refers to the point on the horizon towards which any mutually parallel diagonal lines in the object will converge.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 525
What does down mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Down refers to vanishing point of vertical perspective located below the horizontal plane or eye line. [2] Vanishing point for a set of parallel lines on a descending plane relative to eye line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 525
What does faux mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Faux refers to ) A false or faux vanishing point occurs when a set of nearly parallel lines in object space appears to converge toward a vanishing point in image space, an optical effect that is not entirely the result of perspective projection.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 525
What does finite nature of mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - finite nature of refers to ) (Vanishing Point at In nity; Mathematical Perspective) In terms of projection in general, the projection of a point is a point, and that of a line line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 531
What does finite/depicted mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Finite/Depicted refers to a finite vanishing point is a depicted point lying at a finite position in the picture plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 525
What does fractional mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Fractional refers to fractional VP = Keeping the perspective construction within the borders of the picture.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 525
What does geometrical mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Geometrical refers to a projective point at which lines, directions, intervals, or forms geometrically converge, collapse, or lose separable projected form.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 525
What does horizontal and vertical mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Horizontal and Vertical refers to this relation is not universal: an inclined or vertical mirror transforms the spatial direction differently, and the reflected vanishing point need not retain the same horizontal position.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 531
What does horizontal plane mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Horizontal Plane refers to ) The vanishing point of a group of parallel lines that are not parallel to the direct radial, but are parallel to the horizontal line, is called a horizontal plane vanishing point, and it occurs somewhere on the horizon line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 526
What does lateral vp mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Lateral VP refers to curvilinear Perspective; Optical Space versus Graphical Space; Perspective of Lateral Distortion; Depth Components) A: Lateral Vanishing Point: Synonym for: horned perspective, lateral vanishing point perspective, two-point perspective, etc.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 526
What does location on picture plane mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Location on picture plane refers to ) (Linear Perspective) A vanishing point for a set of parallel lines on the picture plane is located at X,Y dimensionally (or as projected onto the focal plane of a camera or surface of the retina, etc);.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 527
What does method mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Method refers to method (Linear Perspective; 1-2-3 Point Perspective) The vanishing point method in perspective is a series of drawing technique(s) that creates the illusion of 3-D depth on a 2-D surface by constructing converging lines at specific points on a horizon line, as depicted on a picture plane (representing parallel lines in object space).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 529
What does oblique mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Oblique refers to those points to which all lines converge, which are to represent original lines, situated obliquely, or obliquely inclined to the picture in lateral direction, and they may be situated in any part of the picture.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 527
What does rotation mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Rotation refers to s - Rotation Based on principles of perspective in art, visual perspective type 2, optics and photography—often applied to fifilm cinematography—if you rotate your head (or camera) to the left, the vanishing point on the horizon moves to the right.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 531
What does shifting mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - shifting refers to when viewing or capturing a moving perspective of a spatial scene, it is evident that: A) movement of the station point and/or angle of view (1) relative to the picture plane/surface; and/or B) movement of the object and/or scene structures; can or will result in attendant movement of relevant vanishing point(s) due to the changing projection angle(s) of the view/images involved.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 528
What does unobtainable mean for vanishing point?
An unobtainable vanishing point is another name for an unattainable vanishing point, Type B: a vanishing point for a set of parallel lines whose convergence is so slow that the point falls outside the practical limits of the drawing. It therefore cannot conveniently be used directly for construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 528
What does up mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Up refers to vanishing point of vertical perspective located above the horizontal plane or eye line. [2] Vanishing point for a set of parallel lines on a rising plane relative to eye line.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 528
What does vertical mean for vanishing point?
In this context, Vanishing Point - Vertical refers to the vanishing point of a family of mutually parallel vertical lines.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 528
What is Vanishing Sphere (Geometrical) in perspective geometry?
Vanishing Sphere is a conceptual spherical field centred upon the eye, camera or station point, used to represent all possible spatial directions.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 533
What is Vanishing Sphere (Optical) in perspective geometry?
An Optical Vanishing Sphere is a spherical limit or field associated with where objects or image information cease to remain optically visible or resolvable around an observer. It is distinct from purely geometrical vanishing, which concerns projected directional convergence.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Vanishing Sphere (Optical) entry
What role did Kim H. Veltman play in the history of perspective?
Kim H. Veltman made major contributions to the historical study and bibliography of perspective, including research on Leonardo da Vinci and Ptolemy and the long-term development of the Encyclopedia and Bibliography of Perspective. The Dictionary records that he substantially expanded the bibliography inherited from Luigi Vagnetti and continued updating it through 2020.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, pp. 66, selected bibliography and references
What is Vertex of Perspective (Centre of Projection)?
Vertex of Perspective: Station Point (preferred) Synonym for the eye / station point or centre of projection for linear perspective.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 536
How does Vertical Distance Point relate to perspective?
In the PRC account, Vertical Distance Point is relevant because synonym for: Distance point (vertical plane).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 536
What is Vertical Horizon Linear Perspective in perspective geometry?
Vertical Horizon Linear Perspective is a perspective arrangement in which the vanishing line of a particular vertical spatial plane appears vertical in the image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 537
Do vertical lines always remain vertical?
No. Verticals remain parallel and vertical in the familiar one- and two-point arrangements only when the picture plane is vertical and parallel to them. If the camera or picture plane is tilted relative to the vertical direction, the verticals converge toward a third vanishing point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method - Central-Projection Construction, p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 107-127
How does Vertical Measuring Point relate to perspective?
A Vertical Measuring Point is the measuring point used for transferring or determining dimensions in a vertical-direction perspective construction. The Dictionary treats it as a specialised form of the general measuring-point concept.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Vertical Measuring Point / Measuring Point entries
What is Vertical Plane or Picture Plane in perspective geometry?
Vertical Plane or Picture Plane Refers to a picture plane (perspective window) that is normal (or at 90 degrees) to the viewing direction, and/or is perpendicular to the ground plane.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 538
What is the correct viewing distance and scale for a perspective image?
Station Point; Distance Point; Life Size View) Oftentimes it is said that it is a good idea to view a perspective picture/painting from the correct station point position, and in particular that you (the painting viewer) must locate the distance point off to one side of the drawing/painting because this is the same length as the viewing distance to the station point from the picture plane - and then use this distance to stand in-front of the picture.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 539
What is View (function of perspective)?
View Refers to a basic function of perspective: viewing a live image of physical or spatial reality.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 540
What is Viewing or Imaging Perspective?
Viewing or Imaging Perspective is a process through which a spatial object, scene or existing image is directly viewed, or through which a new view or image is formed, captured or presented.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 540
What is viewing perspective?
A perspective view is the appearance or representation of a spatial scene from a particular viewpoint according to a perspective system. It may be a live optical view, a photograph, a drawing or a computed projection.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is Virtual Perspective?
1: Mirror image (optical image) Any image/view of a spatial object/scene formed by reflection in a plane mirror, whereby the resultant image is virtual and cannot (without an imager) be projected onto a plane surface or white screen to be seen/ recorded (ref. virtual optical image).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 543
How is perspective used in Virtual Reality?
Virtual reality (VR) is an interactive computer-generated, reconstructed or captured environment presented so that a user can explore or act within it from a changing viewpoint. Contemporary systems commonly use a head-mounted display, stereoscopic imagery and head or body tracking, and may also incorporate spatial sound, hand controllers, haptic feedback or other sensory information. Virtual environments may also be presented through projection rooms, panoramic displays or related immersive systems.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 545; Volume 1 2.1, p. 13, 28, 29, 71, 76, 79, 108, 115, 129, 144, 154, 179, 200, 212, 215, 217, 219, 255
What is vision perspective?
Human vision does not reduce to a single one-, two- or three-point drawing system. The eye receives a continuously varying optical projection over a wide curved field, with depth information from perspective phenomena, eye movements and binocular cues; graphical point-perspective systems are simplified models of parts of this visual geometry.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Visual acuity in visual perspective?
Visual acuity refers to however, the graphical/geometric construction method of linear perspective does not overtly represent or produce Diminution of Form.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 43, 59, 66, 92, 103, 106
What is Visual Angles Problem in perspective geometry?
Visual Angles Problem; Depth Components) With the eye and head fixed, equal objects positioned farther from the central visual axis may occupy smaller angular or retinal image extents and undergo shape change. This Visual Lateral Distortion combines increased egocentric distance, increasing obliquity relative to the line of sight and the eye’s angular or curved-retinal mapping.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 548
What is Visual Axis in perspective geometry?
Visual Angles Problem Visual Angles Problem; Depth Components) With the eye and head fixed, equal objects positioned farther from the central visual axis may occupy smaller angular or retinal image extents and undergo shape change.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 548; Volume 1 2.1, p. 57, 244
What is Visual direction in visual perspective?
Visual Direction is the direction from the observer's eye or visual system toward a perceived object or image point. It is fundamental to perspective because projected position and angular separation are organised by the directions from which scene points are seen.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual Direction entry
How does Visual field affect visual perspective?
In the PRC account, Visual field is relevant because visual World or visual world—to geometrical space. Nineteenth-century thought treated J.J. Gibson visual space as subjective and geometrical space as objective, but Gibson Object Space argued that both are measurable and therefore objective.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 41, 96, 106, 128, 141, 143, 229
How does Visual Field (Binocular) affect visual perspective?
In the PRC account, Visual Field is relevant because the combined angular region visible when both eyes are open.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 551
What is Visual image in visual perspective?
Visual image refers to formally, a perspective method embodies perspective principles and Measurement mechanisms, mathematical formulae, and theoretical or practical techniques, Representation etc., and typically consists of physical, optical, or information-processing Model structures/processes that are applied systematically to a 3-D scene.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 12, 22, 41, 73, 78-80, 91, 122, 143, 165, 183, 230, 231, 245, 254, 256
How does Visual perception affect visual perspective?
In the PRC account, Visual perception is relevant because what is of primary importance for human vision to operate is that the human eye achieves a ‘point-to-point’ correspondence between the object and its image on the finervous layer that is receptive to light (the retina).
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 106
How does visual perspective relate to art?
Visual perspective concerns perspective as visually experienced. In the PRC framework it includes the appearance of spatial reality to an observer and the retinal/perceptual image relationships through which depth, direction, scale and form are seen.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What are visual perspective images?
Visual perspective concerns perspective as visually experienced. In the PRC framework it includes the appearance of spatial reality to an observer and the retinal/perceptual image relationships through which depth, direction, scale and form are seen.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is visual perspective?
Visual perspective concerns perspective as visually experienced. In the PRC framework it includes the appearance of spatial reality to an observer and the retinal/perceptual image relationships through which depth, direction, scale and form are seen.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual/Optical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95-136, 227-248
What is Visual Perspective (Types 1 and 2)?
The Dictionary distinguishes two broad uses of Visual Perspective. Type 1 concerns perspective produced through visual or optical viewing and imaging processes; Type 2 concerns the appearance or perception of spatial reality by the human visual system, including retinal, physiological and psychological aspects.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Visual Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 95–136
What is Visual perspective illusions?
Visual Perspective Illusion: illusion by perceptually adjusted appearance (false Perspective direct view of physical reality); Illusions 2.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 73
What is Visual Perspective Type 1?
Perspective is broadly defined as the formation, projection, representation, Natural Perspective transformation or experience of a view, image or spatial appearance in relation Visual Perspective Type 1 to an object, scene or spatial reality.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 12, 13, 16, 32, 65-69, 72, 193
What is Visual Perspective Type 2?
Visual Perspective Type 2 refers to and optical perspective and on the mathematical, graphical, instrument, Optical Perspective simulated and New Media processes closely related to them.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 12, 32, 39, 40, 56-58, 65, 66, 68, 72, 78, 83, 84, 88, 100, 165, 193, 251
What does visual lateral distortion mean in Visual Perspective Type 2?
In this context, Visual Perspective Type 2 - visual lateral distortion refers to leonardo himself was aware of discrepancies between visual or natural perspective and artificial or linear perspective for laterally located objects.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 57
What is Visual pyramid in visual perspective?
The visual pyramid or pyramid of sight is the classical model in which rays from the visible points and edges of objects converge at the observer’s eye, forming a pyramid or cone of vision. A picture plane can be understood as a cross-section through this pyramid, providing the geometrical basis of central or linear perspective.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 43, 55, 56, 100, 106, 107, 130
What is Visual Ray in perspective geometry?
Visual Ray (1) is the principal line or axis of the cone or pyramid of vision: the central direction of look from the eye. The Dictionary distinguishes this from the many individual rays associated with separate object points and relates it to both visual perspective and linear-perspective construction.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 554
What are visual special effects in perspective?
Visual special effects use optical, mechanical, photographic or digital methods to create, transform or combine perspective images and spatial appearances. They may alter scale, viewpoint, motion, visibility, depth, lighting or the relation between real and represented elements, and therefore often combine simulated, synthetic, instrument or New Media perspective processes.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 178
How does Volume Camera relate to optical perspective?
Volume Camera is a camera system that records the threedimensional structure or changing volume of an object, person or scene rather than producing only one conventional two-dimensional image.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 556
What is Volume Perspective?
Volume Perspective refers to arranging volumes (accurately) in relation to a multiplicity of viewpoints, as in sculpture and architecture.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 557
What is Vortex Perspective?
1: Corkscrew-shaped object plane (stationary perspective) Vortex perspective happens when the object plane is shaped like a corkscrew.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 557
What is VR perspective?
VR perspective is perspective generated interactively for a virtual viewpoint, usually as stereoscopic computer graphics updated with head position and orientation. It aims to keep the projected virtual scene consistent with the user’s changing view.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Central/Perspective Projection entries and p. 355; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 89-127
W
What is Walled Perspective?
Walled Perspective is a perspective view of a spatial scene terminated by a visible wall or other enclosing surface, commonly occurring in interiors and other shallow spaces.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 558
What is Western Perspective?
Western Perspective refers to graphical perspective, as developed in the West, is often used as a direct reference to central/linear perspective and related methods, in which the use of vanishing points is ubiquitous for depicting spatial foreshortening and related shape distortions that occur when looking at a natural scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 559
Which of the following historical cultural perspectives was the first to strive for precise visual realism?
No single culture can be treated as the first to seek visual realism in every sense. Ancient traditions already used sophisticated spatial representation; the Renaissance later developed a particularly systematic mathematical central perspective for pictorial space.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, History of Perspective, pp. 35-62
Which perspective gives a 360 view?
A full 360-degree horizontal view is typically represented by cylindrical, spherical or other omnidirectional perspective rather than ordinary flat rectilinear perspective. A complete surrounding view ultimately requires a spherical or equivalent full-field representation.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Curved/Curvilinear/Spherical Perspective entries; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 126-135
What role did John White play in the history of perspective?
Author of The Birth and Rebirth of Pictorial Space, first published in 1957; a revised second edition appeared in 1967.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 559
What is Why Things Vanish?
Why Things Vanish refers to as distance increases, an object of fixed physical size subtends a progressively smaller visual angle.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 559
What is wide angle perspective?
Wide-angle perspective describes the strong perspective relationships produced when a large field of view is represented. In rectilinear projection this can exaggerate near-far differences and stretch lateral forms; curvilinear projections distribute the wide field differently.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective of Lateral Distortion, pp. 363-365; Volume 1 2.1, pp. 110-115, 203-206
What is Window Perspective?
Window Perspective refers to the traditional window or window-pane conception of perspective, in which the picture surface is treated like a transparent plane through which the scene is viewed and its apparent geometry recorded. The term can also refer to related window-figure methods.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Window Perspective entry
What is Window Principle?
Window Principle refers to let us consider how an artist produces a perspective drawing/painting of a three-dimensional scene.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 560
How are windows drawn in perspective?
For an interior or architectural view, establish the eye level, station point or intended viewing direction, picture plane and principal vanishing points. Construct the room or building as measured planes and boxes, then transfer heights and repeated features such as doors and windows with measuring lines, diagonals or grids.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Perspective Method, pp. 355-359; Box Method, p. 72
What is Wobbly Perspective?
Wobbly Perspective is a first or third person perspective view that appears ‘jittery’, out-of-focus, ‘wobbly’, unstable, taken with a double or multiple exposure system/method; and where the spatial objects imaged have multiple, out-offocus or blurry outlines, and/or are viewed without a rm/ fixed camera grounding.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 560
What does the word perspective mean?
Perspective is the set of relationships and methods by which spatial reality is seen, projected or represented from a viewpoint. In drawing it commonly conveys depth through diminution, convergence and foreshortening, but the PRC uses the term more broadly across vision, optics, geometry, imaging and representation.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 31; Dictionary 2.1, Perspective entries
What is World Theory?
Optical perspective (typically) seeks to explore the physical world by using the optical world to probe spatial reality accurately or with sufficient realism.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 561
What is Worm’s Eye Perspective?
Worm’s Eye Perspective refers to image that is taken from a very low vantage point (looking upwards).
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 561
What role did Lawrence Wright play in the history of perspective?
Lawrence Wright is cited in Volume 1 as a historian and writer on perspective. His work 'Perspective in Perspective' is used in the book's discussion of the history, interpretation and changing status of perspective rather than as the source of a new geometrical projection method.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, pp. 63, 95
What is Wrong Perspective?
Wrong Perspective (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6); << NEW / REFINED Term >>; False Perspective; Illogical Perspective; Impossible Perspective 1.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 562
X
What is X-Ray Perspective?
X-Ray Perspective is an X-ray projection image produced by transmitting X-radiation through an animate or inanimate object and recording the di ering attenuation of the radiation at a detector.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 563
Z
What is Zenithal Equal Area Projection?
Zenithal Equal Area Projection is an azimuthal equal-area map projection centred on a selected point. It preserves area while shape and angular relationships become increasingly distorted with distance from the centre.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, Zenithal Equal Area Projection entry
What is Zenithal Equidistant Projection?
Zenithal Equidistant Projection is an azimuthal projection centred upon a selected point that preserves distances and directions from that centre to every other mapped point.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 564
What is Zero- through Six-Point Perspective?
Perspective images are conventionally classified as zero-, one-, two-, three-, four-, five- or six-point forms according to the number and arrangement of Point Perspective Types/Forms principal vanishing points, the geometry of the picture surface, and the extent of Non/Zero-Point the field.
Source: Volume 1 2.1, p. 125
What does optical versus digital mean in Zooming (Imaging Perspective Class)?
In this context, Zooming (Imaging Perspective Class) - Optical versus Digital refers to for an optical perspective <IMAGING> system, an optical zoom works by physical lens movement to provide a true magnification of the captured image, preserving image quality, whereas a digital zoom digitally crops and enlarges the centre of a captured image, causing pixelation and detail loss. Notably, optical zoom is superior for clarity, but digital zoom off ers compact convenience, often enhanced by software, but still results in lower image quality than optical zoom.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 565
What does optical versus digital mean in Zooming (Projecting Perspective Class)?
In this context, Zooming (Projecting Perspective Class) - Optical versus Digital refers to in a projection system, optical zoom alters the projected image size by changing the projection lens’s focal length, normally without discarding source-image resolution.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 565
What does types mean in Zooming Perspective?
In this context, Zooming Perspective - Types refers to a changing-scale image in which the represented subject becomes larger or smaller through focal-length change, digital enlargement, movement of a physical or virtual viewpoint, or alteration of a projected beam.
Source: Dictionary 2.1, p. 566